Psychology Over Time Flashcards
The multi store model was devised in 1968 showing a simple structure for memory, how did this develop over time?
- LTM - Tulving (1972) - stated different types of LTM
- STM - WMM (1974) - demonstrated different types of STM
- LTM - Tulving (1985) - added procedural memory
- STM - WMM (2000) - episodic buffer
How did the WMM develop?
From dual task experiments. For example, Baddeley (1973) got ppts to track a moving spot of light while visualising the letter F - found ppts couldn’t do it as well as tracking while doing verbal tasks as visualising F competed for the same store.
How hasn’t cognitive psychology developed over time?
- Still limitations to the memory models - can’t explain why blind people have visual memories without visual input
- Reconstructive memory (1932) has still not been contested and hasn’t developed over time
How has knowledge over obedience developed?
- Holocaust occurred in 1930s
- Germans are different hypothesis
- Milgram wanted to investigate it in 1963 study
- Agency theory developed
- Burger replicated to see if still true today
How has knowledge over prejudice developed?
Development of knowledge of prejudice reflects how social psychology is fuelled by societal events. Desegregation in America = Sherif -> Tajfel -> RCT -> SIT. Still debate over whether existance of groups or competition causes it.
How did biological psychology begin in the 1800s?
Wth physiogomy - judging someones character by their appearance. It then moved to ideas from Galton who took photos of criminals and identified characteristics of a criminal
How did biological psychology develop from Galton?
1859 Theory of Evolution - still believed today, highly credible
1923 Freud’s superego, id and ego, talking therapy
How did brain scans develop?
Only possible through autopsy before brain scans produced. MRI, CT and PET in 1980s as x rays and tracers were produced, fMRI in 1990s which is still the most popular means of neuroimaging
How did brain scans influence the development of biological psychology over time?
Led to studies such as Raine (1997) which drew on evidence that murderers had different biological characteristics and identified different structure and activity
How has our knowledge of learning psychology developed overtime?
Began with behaviourism - classical conditioning, operant conditioning - now applied in autism therapies, and prisons using token economy
How did the violent media allow learning theories to develop?
- Began with concerns over violent games
- Bandura investigated role models and then TV role models
- Bandura developed SLT
- Becker investigated influence of TV on anorexia
How did Bowlby allow our knowledge of attachment to develop?
- Looked at the 44 theives in 1939-1944
- Commissioned by the WHO to look at consequences of deprivation 1949
- Reviewed deprivation studies e.g Spitz 1946
- Wrote Maternal Care and Mental Health 1951
- Worked with Robertson to carry out deprivation studies 1952
What happened after Bowlby develop the theory of attachment and maternal deprivation hypothesis?
Ainsworth studied attachment types in 1978 using the strange situation. Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg reviewed replications of this in 1988. Li et al (2013) refuted Bowlby’s daycare findings
What sparked research into attachment?
Lorenz (1935) who found goslings imprinted irreversibly.
What did we know about autism in the beginning of the 1900s?
- 1908 autism used to describe a withdrawn schizophrenic.
- 1930s electric shock therapy used
- 1944 Asperger’s syndrome - mild form of autism
- 1950s Parent ectomy used
- 1967 - Unloving mothers blamed for autism
