Culture and Gender

Question 1

How does Becker show gender issues in psychology?

Answer 1

Only girls studied as more likely to suffer from an eating disorder

Question 2

How does Bandura show gender issued in psychology?

Answer 2

Boys imitated aggression more than girls

Question 3

How can gender be an issue in learning psychology?

Answer 3

• Male and Females socialised according to gender
• Encouraged through reinforcement to adopt male and female behaviour
• Gender inappropriate behaviour may be punished

Question 4

How might memory differ according to gender?

Answer 4

• Schemas between men and women differ

- But no difference in the process

Question 5

What did Wang (2013) find about gender differences in cognitive psychology?

Answer 5

Women better at recognising photos of females they have seen before

Question 6

What gender differences might there be in aggression?

Answer 6

• Differences in genes/hormones
• Males more aggressive due to the need to survive and protect their mates
• Males had adaptive advantage at being aggressive
• Disadvantage for females

Question 7

What gender differences did Blass (1999) find for obedience?

Answer 7

Meta analyses using studies, only Kilham and Mann showed gender differences

Question 8

What did Kilham and Mann (1974) find for gender differences in obedience?

Answer 8

40% male obedience to give shocks vs 16% female

Question 9

What did Sheridan and King (1972) find for gender differences in obedience?

Answer 9

Replicated Milgram using puppies. Found all 13 females gave max shock

Question 10

How might prejudice differ according to culture?

Answer 10

• Culture can affect prejudice

- Social norms may legitimise prejudice

Question 11

What did Kats and Braly find about culture and prejudice?

Answer 11

American students viewed African Americans as superstitious and Jews as shrewd and ignorant

Question 12

What did Matusmoto (2007) find about culture and prejudice?

Answer 12

Cultures differ due to different problems they face. Develop different norms.

Question 13

What did Guimond et al (2013) find about culture and prejudice?

Answer 13

Multiculturalism and pro diversity reduced prejudice. Germany - Highest prejudice, not diverse
Canada - Lowest prejudice, very diverse

Question 14

How might memory differ according to culture?

Answer 14

Memory doesn’t seem to vary as a process but culture affects schemas

Question 15

What did Mary Mullen (1994) find to show culture differences in memory?

Answer 15

Asians had their earlierst biographical memory 6 months later than caucasians had their first memory. Earliest memory found at age 4 for Asians vs age 3 1/2 for caucasians

Question 16

What did Harlene Hayne (2000) find for culture differences in memory?

Answer 16

That Maouri’s earliest memory was from age 2

Question 17

What did Smith and Bond (1998) find for cultural differences in obedience?

Answer 17

UK and USA more likely to resist conformity and not obey. Japan and Israel more likely to conform.

Question 18

What did Blass (1999) find for culture differences in obedience?

Answer 18

Average US obedience - 60.94% vs 65.94% in other cultures. Universal behaviour

Question 19

What did Kilham and Mann (1974) find for culture differences in obedience?

Answer 19

That higher level of obedience was shown when ordering someone to administer pain rather than administering it yourself

Question 20

What did Shanab and Yahya (1977) find for culture differences in aggression?

Answer 20

US culture more aggressive than other Western cultures

Question 21

What did Huesmann (1999) find for culture differences in aggression?

Answer 21

Born US detriot students more accepting of aggression than other immigrants

Question 22

What did Lin (1996) find about the influence of culture on mental disorders?

Answer 22

The similarities outweigh the differences

Question 23

What did Littlewood and Lipsedge (1997) find about the influence of culture on diagnosis?

Answer 23

There is a bias towards the black and Irish with a diagnosis of schizophrenia

Question 24

What did Casas (1995) find about the influence of culture on diagnosis?

Answer 24

African Americans are the least likely to open up to a clinician of a different race

Question 25

What did Sue and Sue (1992) find about diagnosis and culture?

Answer 25

People are less likely to disclose information to a clinician of a different race

Question 26

What did Kulhara (2009) find about culture and MHDs?

Answer 26

That there is a larger proportion of people in developing countries having a good outcome from schizophrenia

Question 27

How are gender issues in clinical psychology?

Answer 27

• Brown (1986) only looked at females as females have a higher rate of depression
• Males more likely to commit suicide for depression
• Schizophrenia presents in men at 18 and women at 25
• Carol was female

Question 28

How are there gender issues in child psychology?

Answer 28

• Autism caused by too much testosterone - males have more testosterone
• 10 boys to 1 girl with aspergers
• 4 boys to 1 girl with autism worldwide

Question 29

How are there culture issues in child psychology?

Answer 29

• Attachment differs to parenting style which differs across cultures
• V+IK found highest anxious aviodants in Germany and highest anxious resistants in Japan and Israel

Question 30

How could culture influence the learning of eating disorders?

Answer 30

• Mumford et al (1991) Arab and Asian women more likely to learn eating disorders if moved to the West
• Lai (2000) found prevelence of eating disorders increased as Hong Kong became more Westernised