Psychology of Sport

Question 1

Types of Motivation

Answer 1

1. Intrinsic Motivation: inherent tendency to seek out novelty and challenges, explore, learn
   • Forms: to learn, to accomplish, to experience sensations
   • Requires supportive conditions such as feelings of competence and sense of autonomy to be maintained
   • Controlling aspect of a reward: if you feel in control of a reward there is more intrinsic motivation
   • Informational aspect of a reward: if individual perceives reward negatively intrinsic motivation is decreased
   • Rewards depend on evaluation of individual
2. Extrinsic motivation: motivation that comes from factors outside of an individual

Question 2

Task Orientation

Answer 2

• Criteria for Success: self reference, effort, mastery
• Focus on process
• Source of perceived competence: task mastery and improvement
• No problems if good or not, individual stops if no improvement

Question 3

Ego Orientation

Answer 3

• Criteria for Success: outperform others
• Focus on results
• Source of perceived competence: outcome and following social comparison
• Problems if individual doesn’t think they’re good → wont try if doubtful

Question 4

Self Efficacy

Answer 4

• Situation specific self confidence

* People wont do things unless they believe they can

Question 5

Sources of Self Efficacy

Answer 5

a. Performance Evaluation: success or failure increases or decreases self efficacy (good experience → confidence)
b. Vicarious Experiences: observing qualities of others and consequences of behavior to make assessments about own perception of ability → see other people doing things and thinking you can too
c. Imaginal Experiences: people generate beliefs about personal efficacy or inefficiency in future situations
d. Verbal Persuasion: people can talk you into doing things depending on experiences, trustworthiness and attractiveness of the source
e. Psychological States: people have increased self efficacy when affect is positive (feel good → more confidence)
f. Emotional States: people have more self efficacy when they are in a good mood

Question 6

Outcomes of Self Efficacy

Answer 6

Outcomes: cognition (goal attribution), affect (anxiety, mood, optimism), behavior (choice, effort, persistence)

Question 7

Moderating Variables of Self Efficacy

Answer 7

what moderates the relationship between self efficacy and performance
• Perceived value: importance of the consequences for a person
• Expected consequences: the likely consequences (physical, social, self image) of performing