psychology of sport Flashcards
term personality
those relatively stable and enduring aspects of individuals
which distinguish them from other people, making them unique
but at the same time permit a comparison between individuals
theories
- trait theory (eysenck)
- social learning theory (bandura)
trait theory (personality definition)
personality is the more or less stable and enduring organization of a persons character, temperament, intellect and physique which determines the unique adjustment to the environment
trait theory (factors)
- people are born with established personality characteristics
- inherited at birth
- stable
- enduring
- consistent in all situations
BEHAVIOR = FUNCTION OF PERSONALITY
+ve = can be easily measured through questionnaires
-ve = not take account environmental influence. not a true indicator of behavior
INTROVERT & EXTROVERT
2 types of personality
type A & type B
type A
- highly competitive
- desire to succeed
- need to be in control
- prone to stress
type B
- non-competitive skills
- lacks desire to succeed
- does not enjoy control
- less prone to stress
social learning theory
all behavior is learned through interaction with the environment
BEHAVIOR = FUNCTION OF ENVIRONMENT
-ve = not consider inherited behavior
4 main stages
attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivational response
attention
- learn through observation
- certain levels of respect for the model
retention
- must be able to remember skill or behavior and recall it
motor reproduction
- must be physically able to perform tasks observed
- time to practice
motivational response
- athletes need to be motivated or they will not go through the first 3 stages
- motivation is dependent upon reinforcement
personality components of the social learning theory
- knowing
- being aware
- thinking
- learning
- judging
what capacity does it have
learn through observation
how personality & social theory are related?
- competencies & skills
- beliefs & expectancies
- behavioral standards
- personal goals
competencies & skills
some psychological structures are relevant in one situation but may not be in another
psychological change competencies are acquired through observation & social interaction
beliefs & expectancies
beliefs are how things are in our life (sport).
expectance are how things are going to be in future.
is important to evaluate the worth & quality of an event.
behavioral standards
how we judge the goodness or worth of our behavior.
evaluate our own actions & then respond in an emotionally satisfied way.
internal guidance system.
personal goals
key concept to influencing change is identification & realization of ones goals
3 factors for change to occur
- how do we see the world?
- what do we think will happen in the future?
- what should the world look like?
interactionist theory
behavior occurs from the interaction between inherited traits & learned experiences
BEHAVIOR = FUNCTION OF PERSONALITY + ENVIRONMENT
kurt lewin
one of the most influential social psychologists of this century.
his equation: B = f (P x E)
individual’s experience
says it cannot be understood if personal & situational factors are separated
emergensis
it’s called if a specific combination of several genes interact
epigenetics
study of why genes interact with the environment & in turn shape human behavior
contemporary model by Walter Michelle
- competencies – our skills & knowledge.
- encoding strategies – our particular style & the schemas we use in processing information.
- expectancies – what we expect from our own behavior & our anticipations of our performance levels.
- plans – what we intend to do.
formula
behavior + function of personality x environment
3 levels of personality
- Psychology core
- typical responses
- role - related behavior
psychological core
- most internal of personality levels
- most difficult level to research
typical responses
- responses are changeable
- become modified as the person responds to environmental situations
- often reflect the makeup of the personality core
role-related behavior
- most external of personality levels
- dynamic & changeable
- ## interactionist approach is not simple
issues associated with measurement of personality
- data collection
- validity & reliability issues
- ethical issues
measuring personality
- interviews
- questionnaires
- observations
issues in personality research & sport performance
- athletes versus non-athletes
- personality & sports type
- predicting performance
- refer to the positions adopted by the skeptical & credulous groups of psychologists
