Muscular system Flashcards
properties of muscle tissue
contractibility
extensibility
elasticity
atrophy
hypertrophy
controlled by nerve stimuli
fed by capillaries
types of muscles
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
skeletal muscles
voluntary and striated
have tendons that attach mostly to bone
fascia
type of connective tissue
surrounds bones & muscles
made up of fibrous tissue, adipose (fatty) tissue & fluid
superficial (under skin) deep (surrounding muscles & bones)
skeletal muscles
divided into compartments that contain groups of muscles which have the same function
cardiac muscles
striated & involuntary
controlled my nervous system
smooth muscle
not striated & involuntary
lines the walls of blood vessels & hollow organs like the stomach and intestines
main functions of muscles
movement
move substances
stabilize & maintain body positions
body heat
muscle fiber
made up of a group of myofibrils
myofibril
cylindrical structures that fill muscle cells
myofilaments
is responsible for the contraction of the myofibrils & muscles as a whole
- myosin: thick filaments
Actin: thin filaments
sacromere
unit of thick & thin filaments
layers of fascia (skeletal muscle)
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
muscles facts
- muscles have good nerve & blood supply
- motor neurons: nerves that bring the impulses from nervous system to muscles
- neurotransmitters stimulate the muscle to contract & produce force
- rich network of capillaries which provide muscle with oxygen, nutrients and calcium & remove waste products
- muscles are good at repairing damage
origin
attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone
proximal attachment
insertion
attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone
distal attachment
radius & ulna (origin or insertion?)
INSERTION
scapula (origin or insertion?)
ORIGIN
agonist
muscle doing the work & creating the movement
antagonist
muscles relaxing & letting the movement take place
muscles of the trunk
large & powerful
important role in stability
anterior muscles: rectus abdominus & external obliques
posterior muscle: erector spine
rectus abdominus
most superficial muscle in the anterior trunk
from pubis to ribs & sternum
when contract they pull the trunk forward
external obliques
side & front of trunk under rectus abdominus
involved in sideways bending movements & rotation
erector spine
series of overlapping muscles that run alongside most of the spine
when contract they pull trunk into extension
rectus abdominus (origin & insertion)
pubis ORIGIN
5-7 ribs & sternum INSERTION
external obliques (origin & insertion)
lower 8 ribs ORIGIN
ilium INSERTION
erector spine (origin & insertion)
ribs, cervical, thoracic & lumbar vertebrae, ilium ORIGIN
ribs, ervical, thoracic & lumbar vertebrae INSERTION
muscles of upper extremities
provide stabilization for the pectoral girdle
allows other muscles around shoulder generate higher level of force
- anterior (front body): deltoid, pectorals major, biceps brachii
- posterior (back body): trapezius, latissimus dorsi, triceps brachii
deltoid muscle
covers anterior, superior & posterior parts of shoulder
has a rounded appearance
involved in most shoulder movement
pectoralis major
tendon of the pectorals major forms the front of the armpit & it inserts to the inside of the humerus
movements where arm is raised up or brought forward
biceps brachii
responsible for both movements of shoulder
trapezius
triangular muscle located on the posterior neck & upper back
function: raise the shoulder
produces powerful shoulder joint movements
latissimus dorsi
large muscle located on the back
ORIGIN: sacrum, ilium, lumbar & thoracic vertebrae
INSERTION: humerus
function: brings arm backwards & rotates arm inwards
rowing, swimming & boxing
triceps brachii
posterior of the upper arm
ORIGIN: scapula & humerus
INSERTION: radial tuberosity
function: invoved in both shoulder & elbow movements where arm extends backwards at the shoulder and straightens the elbow
deltoid (origin & insertion)
ORIGIN: scapula, clavicle
INSERTION: lateral humerus
pectorals major
ORIGIN: sternum, clavicle, anterior ribs
INSERTION: humerus
biceps brachii
ORIGIN: scapula
INSERTION: radius, ulna
trapezius
ORIGIN: cervical and thoracic vertebrae, base of skull
INSERTION: clavicle, scapula
latissimus dorsi
ORIGIN: sacrum, ilium, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
INSERTION: humerus
triceps branchii
ORIGIN: scapula, humerus
INSERTION: ulna
muscles of lower extremity
IMPORTANT as they have to bear the weight of the entire body and push off the ground to move the body forwards & upwards
- anterior: ilipsoas, sartorius, quadriceps & tibialis
- posterior: gluteus maximus, hamstrings, gastrocnemius & soleus
iliopsoas
around hips and lower back
ORIGIN: lumbar vertebrae & ilium
INSERTION: femur
function: flexion of hip
sartorius
longest muscle in body, crossing both hip & know joints
runs from ilium to the medial tibia
function: bring the thigh upwards at the hip while the satoris bends the knee
latissimus dorsi
l
latissimus dorsi
large muscle located in the back
function: bring arm backwards
rowing, swimming & boxing
triceps brachii
posterior of the upper arm
function: shoulder & elbow movements (shoulder backwards & straightens elbow)
deltoid (origin & insertion)
ORIGIN: scapula & clavicle
INSERTION: lateral humerus
pectoralis major (origin & insertion)
ORIGIN: sternum, clavicle, anterior ribs
INSERTION: humerus
biceps branchii (origin & insertion)
ORIGIN: scapula
INSERTION: radius & ulna
trapezius (origin & insertion)
ORIGIN: cervical and thoracic vertebrae & base of the skull
INSERTION: clavicle & scapula
latissimus dorsi (origin & insertion)
ORIGIN: sacrum, ilium, thoracic & lumbar vertebrae
INSERTION: humerus
triceps brachii (origin & insertion)
ORIGIN: scapula & humerus
INSERTION: ulna
muscles of lower extremities
larger muscles
anterior: iliopsoas, satorius, quadriceps & tibialis
posterior: gluteus maximus, hamstrings, gastrocnemius & soleus
iliopsoas
located around the hips and lower back
function: flexion of hip
sartorius
longest in the body, crossing the hip & knee joints
function: bring thigh upwards at the hip & bends the knee
quadriceps
4 main muscles
- rectus femoris
- vestus intermedialis
- vastus medialis
- vastus lateralis
function: helps straighten knee
tibialis anterior
located front of the lower leg
gluteus maximus
covers the posterior hip & buttock
function: moves thigh backwards & hip into its extension phase
hamstring muscle
3 muscles
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus muscles
located in the posterior thigh
calf muscle
2 main muscles
- gastrocnemius
- soleus muscles
gastrocnemius
most predominant & superficial muscle
soleus
underneath the gastrocnemius
tendons of calf muscle
tendons of both muscle joint together to the Achilles tendon & this then attaches to the calcaneus (heel)
iliposoas
ORIGIN: lumbar vertebrae, ilium
INSTERION: inner femur
sartorius
ORIGIN: ilium
INSTERION: medial tibia
rectus femoris
ORIGIN: ilium
INSTERION: patella & tibia
vastus intermedialis
ORIGIN: femur
INSTERION: patella & tibia
vastus madialis
ORIGIN: femur
INSTERION: patella & tibia
vastus lateralis
ORIGIN: femur
INSTERION: patella & tibia
tibialis anterior
ORIGIN: lateral tibia
INSTERION: first metatarsal & first cuneiform
hamstring muscle
ORIGIN: ischium
INSTERION: onto different parts of the knee
gluteus maximus
ORIGIN: posterior ilium, sacrum & coccyx
INSTERION: lateral femur
gastrocnemius
ORIGIN: posterior femur
INSTERION: calcaneus via Achilles tendon
soleus
ORIGIN: posterior tibia & fibula
INSTERION: calcaneus via Achilles tendon
