motivation Flashcards
term motivation
internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behavior
direction of effort
refers to whether an individual is attracted to, seeks out or approaches certain situations.
intensity
refers to how much effort a person exerts in particular situation
intrinsic motivation
refers to engagement in an activity with no reason other than the enjoyment & satisfaction of engagement itself.
extrinsic motivation
behavior is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades and praise
intrinsic motivation (gives you)
- enjoyment
- purpose
- growth
- curiosity
- passion
- self-expression
- fun
extrinsic motivation (gives you)
- promotions
- pay raises
- bonuses
- benefits
- prizes
- winning
- perks
issues associated between them
- extrinsic rewards influence intrinsic motivation
- extrinsic rewards seen as controlling behavior
- extrinsic rewards providing information about their level of performance.
additive principle
intrinsic motivation can be boosted by extrinsic motivators; not always a good idea; the reward provides positive information with regard the performers level of competence
amotivation
no perceived
- competence
- choice
- intention
- value of the behavior
psychological needs that motivate human behavior
- autonomy
- competence
- relatedness
autonomy
make our own decisions, be in control of one’s own behavior
competence
need to feel competent and able to accomplish things
relatedness
need to relate to others an feel a sense of belonging
atkinson’s model of achievement motivation
balance between the motive to achieve success and the motive to avoid failure
achievement motivation (formula)
desire to succeed - fear of failure
high achievers
- select challenging tasks
- display a high level of effort
- continue to try hard in difficult situations
- focus on the pride of success
low achievers
- avoid challenging activities
- exert less effort when they take part
- exert less persistence when they take part
- focus on the same of failure
orientation theory (definition)
propose than in achievement settings such as sport and exercise, an individual’s main concern is to demonstrate high ability and to avoid demonstrating low ability
two states of goal involvement
- task-involvement
- ego-involvement
task-involvement
focus on mastery of the task, learning of skills, exerting effort & self-improvement
ego-involvement
focus on demonstrating superior ability compared to others an don winning in competitions with less effort than others
task & ego orientation in sport questionnaire
1 = strongly disagree
2 = disagree
3 = neutral
4 = agree
5 = strongly agree
3 factors of motivation
- achievement goals
- perceived ability
- achievement behavior
attribution theory & its application to sports & exercise
humans tend to attribute in order to have a better understanding of the causes behind actions
2 types of attribution
- internal (performance, characteristics)
- external (coach, environment, teammates)
Weiner’s classification
- locus of stability
- locus of causality
- locus of control
- self-serving bias
- learned helplessness
locus of stability
associated with stable characteristics (stable-unstable)
if you attribute your success to your ability then it is relatively stable. if you attribute success to your effort, it is unstable, since you can put a different amount of effort each time
locus of casuality
locus means the cause within (internal) or outside (external) an individual
- factors like performance, characteristics, effort, mood and ability are internal causes.
- whereas coach, environment, teammates or luck and teacher bias are external causes.
locus of control
the extent to which an individual can influence the outcome (controllable - uncontrollable).
if you attribute your success to the effort, you have more control to succeed because it’s internal. if you attribute it to luck, then you have lower control because it is external
self-serving bias
any cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem
learned helplessness
an individual has negative expectations and thinks failure is inevitable, despite their clear ability to change their behavior or performance. They feel “doomed” to failure
motivation climate
perceived motivational climate influences an individual’s thoughts, feeling and achievement behavior
perfomance climate
- comparison with others is the most important source of information for self-evaluation
- focus on winning & improvement is of little significance
- perceptions: associated with high levels of worry, focus on competitive ability
mastery climate
- performance is evaluated in terms of personal mastery & improvement and not with comparison others
- perceptions: task goal orientation, intrinsic motivation, prefer challenging tasks & beliefs of success are due to effort
- positive attitude, high satisfaction, low boredom & anxiety
