motivation

Question 1

term motivation

Answer 1

internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behavior

Question 1

direction of effort

Answer 1

refers to whether an individual is attracted to, seeks out or approaches certain situations.

Question 2

intensity

Answer 2

refers to how much effort a person exerts in particular situation

Question 3

intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

refers to engagement in an activity with no reason other than the enjoyment & satisfaction of engagement itself.

Question 4

extrinsic motivation

Answer 4

behavior is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades and praise

Question 5

intrinsic motivation (gives you)

Answer 5

• enjoyment
• purpose
• growth
• curiosity
• passion
• self-expression
• fun

Question 6

extrinsic motivation (gives you)

Answer 6

• promotions
• pay raises
• bonuses
• benefits
• prizes
• winning
• perks

Question 7

issues associated between them

Answer 7

• extrinsic rewards influence intrinsic motivation
• extrinsic rewards seen as controlling behavior
• extrinsic rewards providing information about their level of performance.

Question 8

additive principle

Answer 8

intrinsic motivation can be boosted by extrinsic motivators; not always a good idea; the reward provides positive information with regard the performers level of competence

Question 9

amotivation

Answer 9

no perceived
- competence
- choice
- intention
- value of the behavior

Question 10

psychological needs that motivate human behavior

Answer 10

• autonomy
• competence
• relatedness

Question 11

autonomy

Answer 11

make our own decisions, be in control of one’s own behavior

Question 12

competence

Answer 12

need to feel competent and able to accomplish things

Question 13

relatedness

Answer 13

need to relate to others an feel a sense of belonging

Question 14

atkinson’s model of achievement motivation

Answer 14

balance between the motive to achieve success and the motive to avoid failure

Question 15

achievement motivation (formula)

Answer 15

desire to succeed - fear of failure

Question 16

high achievers

Answer 16

• select challenging tasks
• display a high level of effort
• continue to try hard in difficult situations
• focus on the pride of success

Question 17

low achievers

Answer 17

• avoid challenging activities
• exert less effort when they take part
• exert less persistence when they take part
• focus on the same of failure

Question 18

orientation theory (definition)

Answer 18

propose than in achievement settings such as sport and exercise, an individual’s main concern is to demonstrate high ability and to avoid demonstrating low ability

Question 19

two states of goal involvement

Answer 19

• task-involvement
• ego-involvement

Question 20

task-involvement

Answer 20

focus on mastery of the task, learning of skills, exerting effort & self-improvement

Question 21

ego-involvement

Answer 21

focus on demonstrating superior ability compared to others an don winning in competitions with less effort than others

Question 22

task & ego orientation in sport questionnaire

Answer 22

1 = strongly disagree
2 = disagree
3 = neutral
4 = agree
5 = strongly agree

Question 23

3 factors of motivation

Answer 23

• achievement goals
• perceived ability
• achievement behavior

Question 24

attribution theory & its application to sports & exercise

Answer 24

humans tend to attribute in order to have a better understanding of the causes behind actions

Question 25

2 types of attribution

Answer 25

• internal (performance, characteristics)
• external (coach, environment, teammates)

Question 26

Weiner’s classification

Answer 26

• locus of stability
• locus of causality
• locus of control
• self-serving bias
• learned helplessness

Question 27

locus of stability

Answer 27

associated with stable characteristics (stable-unstable)
if you attribute your success to your ability then it is relatively stable. if you attribute success to your effort, it is unstable, since you can put a different amount of effort each time

Question 28

locus of casuality

Answer 28

locus means the cause within (internal) or outside (external) an individual
- factors like performance, characteristics, effort, mood and ability are internal causes.
- whereas coach, environment, teammates or luck and teacher bias are external causes.

Question 29

locus of control

Answer 29

the extent to which an individual can influence the outcome (controllable - uncontrollable).
if you attribute your success to the effort, you have more control to succeed because it’s internal. if you attribute it to luck, then you have lower control because it is external

Question 30

self-serving bias

Answer 30

any cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem

Question 31

learned helplessness

Answer 31

an individual has negative expectations and thinks failure is inevitable, despite their clear ability to change their behavior or performance. They feel “doomed” to failure

Question 32

motivation climate

Answer 32

perceived motivational climate influences an individual’s thoughts, feeling and achievement behavior

Question 33

perfomance climate

Answer 33

• comparison with others is the most important source of information for self-evaluation
• focus on winning & improvement is of little significance
• perceptions: associated with high levels of worry, focus on competitive ability

Question 34

mastery climate

Answer 34

• performance is evaluated in terms of personal mastery & improvement and not with comparison others
• perceptions: task goal orientation, intrinsic motivation, prefer challenging tasks & beliefs of success are due to effort
• positive attitude, high satisfaction, low boredom & anxiety