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Anatomy > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

composition of blood

A

transport vehicle for electrolytes, proteins, gasses, nutrients, waste products and hormones.

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2
Q

blood composed by cells

A
  • erythrocytes
  • leucocytes
  • platelets
  • plasma
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3
Q

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A

transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products and hormones to cells and organs around the body
make up 40 - 45% of blood volume known as hematocrit. contain an oxygen-carrying pigment called hemoglobin, which gives blood its red color.

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4
Q

leucocytes (white blood cells)

A

protects us from disease, by destroying invasive microorganisms and toxic substances
1% of blood volume

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5
Q

platelets

A

protects us from bleeding to death, via clotting
1% of blood volume

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6
Q

plasma

A

acts as a regulator of temperature, the water content in cells, and body pH

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7
Q

anatomy of the heart

A
  • heart
  • atria
  • ventricles
  • valves
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8
Q

heart

A

involuntary muscle with striated muscle fibers (myocardium)
own blood supply via the coronary arteries
- branches off the aorta
- has its own set of veins

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9
Q

atria

A

(left & right) receiving blood from the body. Have thin walls because they only have to pump to the ventricles

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10
Q

ventricles

A

(left & right) they are thick as they propel blood from the heart to body

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11
Q

valves

A

prevent backflow by shutting when the heart relaxed
1. atrioventricular valves (tricuspid & bicuspid/mitral)
2. pulmonary and Aortic Semilunar Valve

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12
Q

process

A
  1. superior vena cava
    2.right atrium
  2. tricuspid valve
  3. right ventricle
  4. pulmonary valve
  5. pulmonary artery
  6. lungs (deoxygenated gets oxygenated)
  7. pulmonary veins
  8. left atrium
  9. mitral valve
  10. left ventricle
  11. aortic valve
  12. aorta
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13
Q

4 chambers

A
  1. right atrium
  2. right ventricle
  3. left atrium
  4. left ventricle
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14
Q

intrinsic regulation of heart

A

refers to mechanisms contained within heart itself. the force of contraction produced by cardiac muscle is related to the degree of stretch of cardiac muscle fibers

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15
Q

extrinsic regulation of heart

A

refers to mechanisms external to heart, such as either nervous or chemical regulation.
- nervous regulation: baroreceptor reflex
- chemical regulation: chemoreceptor reflex

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16
Q

intrinsic control

A
  • control is entirely from within the issue or organ.
  • uses paracrines or properties of muscle tissue.
  • also known as autoregulation or local control
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17
Q

extrinsic control

A
  • control is from outside of the tissue or organ.
  • uses nerves or hormones
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18
Q

can the heart beat on its own?

A
  • heart is able beat spookle after being separated from the body from its owner (as seen in horror films) is not totally a product of overactive imaginations.
  • hearth can actually continue to beat for a number of hours if supplied with appropriate nutrients & salts.
  • this is because heart has its own specialized conduction system & can beat independently of its nerve supply.
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19
Q

cardiac impulses / conduction system

A
  1. start in right atrium.
  2. a cardiac impulse is initiated from the sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker).
  3. the impulse causes the atria to contract.
  4. cardiac impulse reaches and activates the atrioventricular (AV) node.
  5. this passes the impulse down Bundle of His (in the septum of the heart).
  6. bundle of his splits left and right, up around the heart (purkinje fibers).
  7. the impulse is spread around the walls of the ventricles causing them to contract.
  8. ventricles relax and the cycle starts again.
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20
Q

cardiac cycle

A
  • the complete sequence of events from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next.
  • an electrical impulse is conducted through the myocardium causing cardiac cycle.
  • systolic (contraction) / diastolic (relaxation) pressures in the ventricles.
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21
Q

nervous system

A
  • heart is also regulated by nervous system
  • hormones, ion concentration and change in body temperature will influence heart rate
  • heart is innervated by parasympathetic nerves that slow its rate & sympathetic nerves that speed it up
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22
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

innervation originates in the cardiac centers in the medulla and passes to the heart by way of the vagus nerves
- when stimulated, these parasympathetic nerves release acetylcholine, which slows heart

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23
Q

vagus nerves

A

fibers richly supply the SA and AV nodes

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24
Q

acetylcholine

A

chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system that contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions and slows heart rate

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25
Q

sympathetic

A

nerves that serve the heart originate in upper thoracic spinal cord and reach the myocardium by way of several nerves sometimes called accelerator nerves

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26
Q

accelerator nerves

A

supply the nodes and also the muscle fibers themselves.
when stimulated, they release norepinephrine, which increases the heart rate as well as the strength of ventricular contraction

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27
Q

norepinephrine (definition)

A

hormone that is released predominantly from the ends of sympathetic nerve fibers and that acts to increase the force of skeletal muscle contraction and the rate and force of contraction of the heart

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28
Q

norepinephrine

A

released from the adrenal medulla of adrenal glands as a hormone into blood, it’s also a neurotransmitter in central nervous system where its released from noradrenergic neurons during synaptic transmission

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29
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • responsible for control of involuntary or visceral bodily functions.
  • cardiac control system is located in the medulla oblongata of the brain and controls sympathetic & parasympathetic systems
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30
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • stimulates the heart to beat faster
  • The receptors send impulses to cardiac control center which then sends an impulse through the sympathetic nervous system to stimulate the SA node of heart
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31
Q

3 receptors stimulated

A

proprioceptors, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors

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32
Q

the sympathetic nervous system

A
  • fight or flight
  • prepares the body for stress
  • cortisol and adrenaline
  • increases heart rate and blood pressure
  • decreases digestion
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33
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

stimulates the SA node and heart rate decreases.
receptors pick up decreases in CO2 levels, blood pressure & muscle movement.
impulses are sent to cardiac control center.

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34
Q

the parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • rest and digest
  • returns the body to a calm state
  • growth hormones DHEA, Melatonin
  • decreased heart rate and blood pressure
  • repairs the body
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35
Q

hormonal control

A
  • adrenaline and noradrenaline are stress hormones.
  • released by adrenal glands.
  • exercise causes stress induced adrenaline response.
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36
Q

results of induced adrenaline

A
  1. stimulation of SA nodes, which results in increased speed & force of contraction.
  2. increase blood pressure due to constriction of blood vessels.
  3. increase blood glucose levels (glucose used by muscles for energy).
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37
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

portion of the cardiovascular system that carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart and to the lungs and then returns it, oxygenated, back to the heart

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38
Q

systematic circulation

A

portion of the cardiovascular system that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and delivers it to body. Also carries deoxygenated blood after use back to heart to be reoxygenated

39
Q

blood vessels

A

arteries, veins & capillaries

40
Q

arteries

A

transport oxygenated blood away from heart (pulmonary artery)

41
Q

veins

A

carry deoxygenated blood to heart (pulmonary vein)

42
Q

capillaries

A

carry food and oxygen to tissues, carry waste away

43
Q

heart rate

A

number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm)

44
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat (liters)
= (cardiac output : heart rate)

45
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute (liters)
= (stroke volume x heart rate)

46
Q

cardiac output

A
  • an increase of body temperature results in lower venous return to heart, a small decrease in blood volume from sweating.
  • a reduction in stroke volume causes heart rate to increase to maintain cardiac output.
  • blood viscosity, if blood is thicker &more viscous, makes it more difficult to be returned back (up gravity) to heart to pick up oxygen
47
Q

basal heart rate

A

when HR is reduced to a min (sleeping)

48
Q

what does exercise do to these?

A

there is higher demand of oxygen, causing heart rate, stroke volume & cardiac output to increase

49
Q

factors affecting heart rate

A
  • autonomic innervation
  • hormones
  • fitness levels
  • age
50
Q

factors affecting stroke volume

A
  • heart size
  • fitness levels
  • gender
  • contractility
  • duration of contraction
  • preload (EDV)
  • afterload (resistance)
51
Q

preload

A

volume of blood received by the heart (end of systolic pressure)
STRETCH

52
Q

afterload

A

pressure or resistance the heart has to overcome to eject blood
SQUEEZED

53
Q

stroke volume

A
  • according to how you exercise because your body needs more oxygen & nourishment, which are both received from blood.
  • increases depending on type of physical activity you are doing and training level.
54
Q

males vs females

A
  • females have a higher heart rate than those of men at max.
  • their stroke volume is lower than that of men at max.
  • their cardiac output is lower than men at max.
55
Q

young vs old

A
  • older people have a slightly higher cardiac output than children.
  • children have higher overall heart rate & lower stroke volume.
  • adults have lower heart rate but higher stroke volume
56
Q

trained vs untrained

A
  • a trained person has higher cardiac output than an untrained person.
  • the trained resting heart rate is lower at rest but same at max.
  • the stroke volume is always higher for a trained
57
Q

cardiovascular drift

A
  • progressive increase in heart rate and decrease in stroke volume that begins after approximately 10 min of prolonged moderate-intensity exercise.
  • associated with decreased maximal oxygen uptake, particularly during heat stress.
58
Q

increased heat rate in cardiovascular drift

A

reflects an increased relative metabolic intensity during prolonged exercise in heat when cardiovascular drift occurs, which has implications for exercise prescription

59
Q

increase of body temperature

A

results in lower venous return to heart, a small decrease in blood volume from sweating. an increase in stroke volume causes heart rate to increase to maintain cardiac output

60
Q

blood viscosity

A

if blood is thicker and more viscous, makes it more difficult to be returned back (up gravity) to heart to pick up more oxygen

61
Q

plasma volume

A

as you exercise, you sweat. a portion of this loss of fluid volume comes from plasma volume. This decrease in plasma volume will diminish
1. venous return
2. stroke volume

62
Q

venous return mechanism

A
  • transport of blood to right side of heart via veins
  • up to 70% of the total blood volume is contained in the veins at rest.
  • heart can only pump as much blood as it receives, so cardiac output is dependent on venous return
  • rapid increase in venous return enables a significant increase in stroke volume & therefore cardiac output
  • blood pressure is low by time blood enters veins. this means that active mechanisms are needed to help venous return
63
Q

mechanisms tat help

A
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
  • valves
  • smooth muscle
  • gravity
64
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

when muscles contract and relax, they change shape. this change in shape means that muscles press on nearby veins, causing a pumping effect & squeezing blood towards heart

65
Q

respiratory pump

A

when muscles contract and relax during the inspiration and expiration process, pressure changes occur in thoracic and abdominal cavities. these pressure changes compress nearby veins and assist flow of blood back to heart

66
Q

valves

A

is important that blood in veins flows in only direction. valves ensure that this happens. once blood has passed through valves, they close to prevent flowing back

67
Q

smooth muscle

A

there is a very thin layer of smooth muscle in walls of veins. this helps squeeze blood back

68
Q

gravity

A

assists flow of blood from body parts above heart

69
Q

venous return & exercise

A
  • venous return must be maintained during exercise to ensure that skeletal muscles receive enough oxygen to meet the demands of activity.
  • at rest, valves & smooth muscle in veins are sufficient to maintain venous return.
  • demand for oxygen is greater and heart beats faster, so skeletal muscle pump & respiratory pump are required to help out.
  • skeletal muscles are constantly contracting & breathing rate is elevated
  • active cool-down keeps skeletal muscle pump & respiratory pump working, thus preventing blood from pooling.
70
Q

blood pressure (definition)

A

pressure of the blood within the arteries. It’s produced primarily by contraction of the heart muscle. It’s measurement is recorded by two numbers
- systolic
- diastolic

71
Q

systolic blood pressure

A
  • force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction.
  • top number, which is also the higher of the two numbers
72
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A
  • force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation.
  • bottom number, which is also the lower of the two numbers
73
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary control of smooth muscle inside circulatory system.
if all of this smooth muscle relaxed then there would not be sufficient pressure to return blood to heart.

74
Q

nervous & cardiovascular system

A

they interact so there is sufficient relaxation of some vessel walls & contraction of others to ensure that enough blood is getting to all organs requiring exchange, yet blood is maintained.

75
Q

bottom line

A

as muscles work harder, blood pressure will go up to meet the demands of muscles needing more blood

76
Q

changes in diastolic & systolic BP

A

we see little or no change in diastolic blood pressure during cardiovascular exercise.
we see a normal increase in systolic blood pressure.
during resistance exercise we see an increase in both
changes are different depending on static or dynamic exercises

77
Q

static exercise

A

defined as a sustained contraction of a muscle group where muscle is contracted but there is no change in muscle length

78
Q

why does systolic blood pressure increase?

A

volume of blood + contraction rate a larger amount of blood is being pumped through arteries with each contraction

79
Q

why does diastolic blood pressure increase?

A
  • pressure on the arterial walls is increased even during relaxation.
  • vasocontriction creates an increase in pressure.
  • muscles squeeze veins to promote venous return, by doing so increases pressure
  • during static exercise, breathing is more constricted, there is less oxygen & more carbon dioxide, heart must work harder to pump blood it does have to supply muscles with sufficient oxygen to continue static exercise
80
Q

dynamic exercise

A

if you are moving a joint during an exercise

81
Q

why does systolic blood pressure increase at a lower rate?

A

breathing frequency is much higher than in static exercise therefore pressure is not as high as during static exercise

82
Q

why does diastolic blood pressure remain the same?

A
  • muscles are moving constantly, no added pressure on constant contraction.
  • you are constantly breathing, which allows carbon dioxide to be quickly expelled.
  • arteries are dilated as vasodilation is occurring
83
Q

heart adaptation

A
  • myocardium increases in thickness.
  • left ventricles internal dimensions increase
84
Q

stroke volume

A
  • increase in size of heart enables the left ventricle to stretch more & thus fill with more blood.
  • the increase in muscle wall thickness also increases contractility resulting in increased stroke volume at rest & during exercise, increasing blood supply to the body
85
Q

resting heart rate

A

as stroke volume increases cardiac output can remain constant, therefore enabling resting heart rate to be lower

86
Q

cardiac output

A
  • increases exponentially during maximal exercise because of increases stroke volume.
  • this results in a greater oxygen supply, waste removal & hence improved endurance performance
87
Q

muscular adaptations

A
  • increased capillarization of trained muscles
  • improvements in vasculature efficiency
88
Q

blood

A
  • resting blood pressure decreases as a result of improved cardiovascular factors.
  • increase in blood plasma.
  • red blood cell volume & hemoglobin
89
Q

maximal oxygen consumption

A

represents functional capacity of oxygen transport system & is sometimes referred to as maximal aerobic power or aerobic capacity

90
Q

fitness

A

can be measured by volume of oxygen you can consume while exercising at your maximum capacity

91
Q

VO2 max

A

maximum amount of oxygen in milliliters, one can use in one minute per kilogram of body weight
fitter have higher VO2 max

92
Q

how can you increase you VO2 max

A

numerous studies show that you can increase your VO2 max by working out at an intensity that raises your heart rate to between 65 and 85% of its maximum for at least 20 minutes three to five times a week

93
Q

factors affecting VO2 max

A
  • chemical ability of muscular cellular tissue system to use oxygen in breaking down fuels.
  • combined ability of cardiovascular & pulmonary systems to transport oxygen to muscular tissue system

Anatomy (9 decks)

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