psychology of personality exam 2 Flashcards
The Big Five factors consist of
- agreeableness
- conscientiousness
- neuroticism
- openness to experience
- extraversion
Peter is always on time for work and makes sure he does each task to the best of his ability. Peter is likely high in which of the Big Five traits?
conscientiousness
Ashley tends to get anxious when she goes through periods of change in her life. Ashley likely measures high on which Big Five trait?
neuroticism
Why is it more accurate to think of the Big Five traits as on a continuum rather than as distinct categories?
Most people measure somewhere in the middle for each trait, rather than entirely at one extreme or another.
Which Big Five trait contains facets such as intellect, imagination, and adventurousness?
Openness to experience
Which Big Five trait includes gregariousness and cheerfulness?
extraversion
Which Big Five trait includes anger and immoderation?
Neuroticism
Which of the Big Five traits includes achievement-striving and self-discipline?
conscientiousness
Which of the Big Five traits includes morality and altruism?
agreeableness
Vickie and Isabelle love socializing at parties on the weekends and always appear to be happy and in good spirits. They would likely score high on which Big Five trait?
extraversion
Brady and Liam spend much of their spare time volunteering at local charities, and they also like helping their friends. Brady and Liam likely score high on which Big Five trait?
agreeableness
People low in conscientiousness are more likely to
Abuse drugs and alcohol
Peter suffers from depression and was recently diagnosed with general anxiety disorder. It is not surprising that Peter also measures quite high on which Big Five personality trait?
Neuroticism
People high in neuroticism are more likely to have
Both physical and mental health issues
Zoe is about to compete in the state finals for track. She is looking forward to winning the first place trophy and the recognition that comes with it. This is an example of
approach motivation
Nick is the lead in the school play. He’s been very anxious since taking the part because he’s terrified of messing up and ruining the production, so he’s rehearsed his lines endlessly for months. This is an example of
avoidance motivation
What other human tendency possibly rooted in evolution is approach and avoidance related to?
fight or flight
An example of how situations can affect approach–avoidance motivation is that people under threat tend to experience
increased avoidance motivation while approach motivation doesn’t change
What school of psychology emphasized free will and seeing the whole person?
humanistic
In Maslow’s hierarchy, which needs are most fundamental?
physiological needs
Why is self-actualization at the very top of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
it’s at the very top because it’s difficult to attain
What is an implicit motive?
an unconscious motivation you are not aware of having
What are the three major implicit motives?
power, achievement, affiliation
Self-determination theory argues that which three needs can explain much of human behavior?
autonomy, competence, relatedness
The biggest difference between self-determination theory and Murray’s theory is that self-determination theory focuses on ___ and Murray’s theory focuses on ___
explicit motives; implicit motives
Earl just started a job that allows him the freedom to make his own decisions in his work environment. Which of Earl’s needs are likely being met by this job?
autonomy
Roberta enjoys volunteering and likes to spend time with her church group, helping with the food pantry. Which of Roberta’s needs are likely being met by her service in the community?
Relatedness
A study measuring autonomy, competence, and relatedness in eight countries found that they
predicted meaning in life and personal growth about equally in all eight cultures
Financial success, popularity, and physical attractiveness are examples of
extrinsic goals
Luke has always loved feeling connected to the people around him and is studying to become a social worker. Luke is being guided by
instristic goals
Lana loves stickers and is given one every time she does her spelling homework, which has caused her performance to increase. After a month, the teacher stops giving her stickers. How is Lana’s motivation to do her spelling homework likely to be affected?
Her motivation will decrease.
In one experiment, adults praised one group of children for good performance on difficult problems by saying, “You must be smart at these problems,” while telling another set of children, “You must have worked hard at these problems.” What happened when the children were given an even more difficult task?
The children who were praised for working hard performed better.
Positive psychology’s research focuses on
what makes our lives better and happier
mindfulness
Is being aware of your thoughts and perceptions without clinging to them or judging whether they are good or bad.
Mindfulness practice has been shown to help treat which of the following?
anxiety disorders
Tia is having an amazing game. Every shot she takes goes in. The hoop looks huge to her, and running up and down the court feels effortless, like she can play forever. Tia is most likely experiencing which of the following?
a flow state
Peak experiences
Are times when people transcend themselves and feel one with the world.
Which of the following most accurately demonstrates how people tend to be motivated?
Needs drive motives, which influence goals.
Anticipating rewards for success is called
approach motivation
Jill works really hard at her job because she is afraid of getting fired. This is an example of
avoidance motivation
Approach-oriented people tend to be higher in which Big Five trait?
extraversion
Who is the theorist that developed the hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
The need for love and belonging in the hierarchy of needs is similar to the need for affiliation in what theory?
self-determination theory
Carl Rogers believed that everyone can get closer to self-actualization when they experience
unconditional positive regard
Kesha works very hard at school and has trouble accepting help from anyone else. This is an example of what motive?
achivement
What are explicit motives?
motives that people are aware of having
Where are implicit motives thought to come from?
family environment
Kembra wants to develop new skills and continually learn at work. She is high on what self-determination theory need?
competence
Personal growth, affiliation, and community feeling are examples of what kind of goals?
intrinsic
Daniela does research on what makes our lives better and what makes us happier. She likely works within the research field of
positive psychology
The most common way to practice mindfulness is with
meditation
the mental experience of the smooth passage of time when you are completely immersed in an activity in the present moment.
Flow
Operant conditioning
general term for shaping behavior through rewards and punishments.
Gerald is given a sticker every time he spells a list of words correctly. This is an example of
Positive reinforcement (adding a reinforcer to keep a behavior from occurring)
Spanking is an example of a
Positive punishment (adding a punishment to decrease a behavior)
Naomi continued to text with her friends at the dinner table even after being told numerous times not to do so. Her parents then took her phone away for a week. This is an example of
negetive punishment
Chuck goes to work five days a week and is paid after every two weeks. This is an example of a ___ reinforcement schedule
fixed interval
Which of the following statements regarding socialization is true?
Both cultures and individual families have different standards for socialization.
Boys often learn to not cry and to exhibit other typically masculine behaviors as children through
operant conditioning
In an experiment, preschool children watched an adult woman repeatedly punch a Bobo doll (a large plastic toy that bounces back when hit), punctuating her smacks and kicks with instructive comments. They then saw what consequences she received. This experiment was emulating whose theory?
Bandura
Bandura’s theory that a person’s behavior causes the environment as well as the environment causing behavior is called
reciprocal determinism
In Felicia’s first-grade class, the children receive buttons every time they behave well. At the end of the week, the children can trade in the buttons for small prizes. This is an example of
a token economy
definition of behavior modification?
practical application of operant conditioning to improve behavior
One of the best therapies for depression is called behavioral
activation
The decisions people think about and make every day based on past experiences are called
expectancies
The degree to which a particular reward is enticing to a particular person is referred to as its
reinforcement value
Frieda finds calculus difficult, but studies long hours and goes for tutoring because she believes these things will help her do better in the class. Frieda likely has
an internal locus of control
People with an external locus of control are more likely to be
anxious and depressed
A dog that eats canned food typically comes running to its owner when it hears the can being opened. The food in this instance is the
unconditioned stimulus
A dog that eats canned food typically comes running to its owner when it hears the can being opened. The sound of the can opener in this instance is the
conditioned stimulus
Craig was stung by a jellyfish when he was little. Now Craig has a fear of all fish, as well as the ocean. Craig’s fear has
Generalized
spontanous recovery
is relearning a conditioned response.
Reversing conditioning to eliminate the conditioned response is referred to as
deconditioning
Spencer has been naughty all day long, and his parents finally give him a time-out. What operant conditioning principle are they employing?
negetive punishment
B. F. Skinner’s classic experiments with animals relied on
positive reinforcement
Edward Thorndike’s research confined cats to puzzle boxes. When the cats pressed a lever or pulled a string, a door would open and the cats would escape and be rewarded with food—a combination of _____ and _____
negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement
Trish’s parents give her money for taking out the trash every once in a while. Trish can never predict exactly when she will get paid. What reinforcement schedule is this?
variable ratio
Terence and Alisha often look to their parents for how to behave in certain situations. This is known as
social learning
In the famous Bobo doll experiments, which children were more likely to copy the adult woman’s actions?
the children who saw the woman be rewarded or receive no consequences
Who came up with a theory of personality that argues that a personality arises from the environment’s effect on behavior, behavior’s effect on the environment, and the way people process their experiences?
Bandura
Students who go far away from home for college may have different personalities from those who stay closer to home, and the experience of being far away from home may shape their personalities. This is an example of
reciprocal determinism
Jake has had problems with alcohol abuse. He is in a program in which he takes a drug that will make him nauseous whenever he drinks alcohol. Jake is taking part in
behaivor modification
Ben doesn’t believe in luck. He thinks that everything that happens to him in life is a result of choices he made and actions he took. Ben exemplifies a(n)
internal locus of control
Extinction, in the context of classical conditioning, means the
elimination of a conditioned response
Darla recently moved into a new apartment and discovered that she could hear the people above her walking around all day long. At first this drove her crazy, but now she rarely notices it. This is called
habituation
Shannon is terrified of spiders. To overcome her fear, she enters a room that contains spiders and touches one. This therapy is known as
flooding
Which research method is commonly used to study personality over time and involves comparing the same people at different ages over time?
Longitudinal study
Which type of study do personality researchers commonly use to study different age and generation groups at the same time?
cross-sectional
Longitudinal studies help describe age differences in personality because they
collect data from the same people over time
What is temperament?
genetically based behavioral tendencies seen in young children
Child temperament constructs relate to the Big Five in which of the following ways?
Generally, the primary temperament constructs overlap with each of the Big Five traits.
Which of the following statements regarding self-esteem and childhood is true?
Self-esteem dips during the early teen years, and then increases during high school and young adulthood.
What does the data on birth order show?
Birth order has a small effect on personality.
When another study finds the same result, the first study is said to have
been replicated
As people age from young adulthood to old age, they tend to become
less neurotic
Which of the Big Five traits continues to increase after the age of 50?
agreeableness
When does openness increase?
between 18 to 22
how does self-esteem change as we age?
Self-esteem remains the same through early and middle adulthood, then increases in late adulthood.
mean level change
is a shift in a population’s average personality trait scores with age.
Quantum change
is a radical personality change
What combination of personality changes has been labeled the “maturation of personality”?
higher conscientiousness, higher agreeableness, and lower neuroticism
higher conscientiousness, higher agreeableness, and lower neuroticism
emerging adulthood
According to Erikson’s life stages, what is the central crisis of young adulthood?
intimacy versus isolation
A study of people in their 40s and 50s found that negative experiences had a negligible effect on personality, though those who said their lives had changed significantly for the worse increased in
neuroticism
Emma is 75 years old. She’s been married to the same person for 40 years. She’s had a very successful career, and she’s in great health. What is a likely Big Five combination for Emma?
high in conscientiousness and high in agreeableness
One study followed people from ages 10 to 30 and found that children higher in conscientiousness were more likely to
graduate from college and to succeed at work
Research has found that the most important factor in succeeding at work is
IQ
The best predictors of staying married versus getting divorced.
Low neuroticism and high agreeableness
Jeanine has been studying the personalities of the same group of 50 men and women for more than a decade now. Jeanine is in the process of conducting a(n)
Longitudinal study
Harris is an easy-going baby who seems to enjoy being around other children. Based on what we know from this description, which Big Five trait is Harris likely to measure high on as an adult?
agreeableness
Maya is an only child. Which of the following is most likely true of Maya compared to children who have siblings?
She shows no discernable difference in personality from children who have siblings
She shows no discernable difference in personality from children who have siblings
There is no conclusive difference compared to their siblings.
According to the research, what is the biggest difference that’s been found between only children and children with siblings?
Only children tend to inherit more money from their parents.
A cross-sectional study found that the typical 65-year-old is more self-disciplined than
most adolescents (85%)
DeAnna is 21 years old and is constantly examining herself in the mirror and talking about herself in public. She needs to be the center of attention. Over time, DeAnna’s narcissism is likely to
Decrease
Rank order consistency
Comparing someone to an average person in their age group
The idea that personalities mature as people enter important adult social roles
social investment theory
Based on research, which of the following can be said about people after they settle into committed relationships?
Neuroticism tends to decrease.
The relationship between personality and life outcomes is true?
Personality is an important predictor of health, relationships, and work performance.
Which term refers to biological categories based on chromosomes and genitals?
sex
Which term refers to roles and behavior caused by biology, culture, or both?
gender
Hair length, clothing, and even careers are attributes of
gender
cisgender
People whose gender identity and biological sex are congruent
Jamie’s sex at birth was designated as male. But Jamie identifies herself as a woman.
she is transgender
Which three Big Five traits do women, on average, score higher on than men?
neuroticism, agreeableness, and extraversion
Data shows that sex differences in the Big Five personality traits tend to be
small to moderate
More recent scales such as the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) measure masculinity and femininity by using which of the following?
two different scales—one related to masculinity and one related to femininity
What is the difference between sex and gender?
Sex refers to biological categories while gender refers to roles and behaviors.
On which Big Five trait do women and men differ the most, on average?
neuroticism
Terman and Miles wrote one of the earliest assessments of psychological masculinity and femininity with which assumption?
Masculinity and femininity were on the same scale, when in reality they’re seperate
Chad and Melinda are sitting together on the couch, but Chad appears to be taking up much more space with his legs spread apart and his arms spread out on the back of the couch. The space consumed by Chad compared to Melinda is known as
body expansiveness
self-objecification
Research shows women are more focused on how others view their physical appearance.
cultural products
Artifacts of a culture, such as television shows
Cultural differences are usually viewed in terms of
people and what they produce as their cultural artifacts
mutual constitution model
shows us how culture shapes individuals and individuals shape culture.
individualism
a cultural system that favors the needs of the self over those of others and the society.
collectivism
a cultural system that places the needs of others and the society first.
Brady is the star basketball player on his varsity high school team. When recently interviewed for the local news, he said his coach and parents’ support was why he has done so well. This is considered an example of
external attribution
People from individualistic cultural systems tend to make _____ when considering the behavior of others.
internal attributions
What is one phenomenon that makes cross-cultural comparison difficult?
reference-group effect
Countries high in power distance also tend to measure lower in which Big Five trait?
extraversion
Which country’s residents score highest in neuroticism?
Japan
Uncertainty avoidance
when countries tend to have more formal systems of rules that attempt to minimize cultural and situational ambiguity.
Europeans often greet each other with a kiss. This is an example of _____.
social norms
Children learn the social norms of their culture through
Socialization
In terms of the study of culture, songs by Taylor Swift would be known as __________.
cultural products
encourages more positive self-views and a view of the self as separate from others.
Individualism
Jesse was driving when someone cut in front of her and sped away down the highway. Jesse assumed that person was probably late for work or in the middle of an emergency. Jesse’s assessment is an example of a(n)
external attribution
Roland was driving when someone cut in front of him and sped away down the highway. Roland shook his head and muttered “jerk” under his breath. “Why are people so stupid?!” he said. Roland’s assessment is an example of a(n)
internal attribution
What is self-enhancement?
unrealistically positive views of the self and personal abilities
A subculture
is a culture within a culture.
Dr. Dufton is interested in studying stereotypes and is asking participants in her study to describe the typical member of different cultures. She is measuring
perceptions of national character
Brandon thinks accounting is really fun and challenging; his best friend Kyle has always wanted to be a writer. These two friends appear to have very different
Vocational interest
Finding a vocation that brings you meaning and matches who you are is called
Vocational fit
Isabella thinks that her current position in the company as an assistant is beneath her and, given her knowledge and skills, that she should be a manager. She thinks this despite the fact that she doesn’t have any experience or background in management. This is an example of
Perceived over qualification
The ORVIS is designed to
help you find a career path that aligns with your interests
Which combination of Big Five traits is most correlated to high job performance and satisfaction?
high conscientiousness and low neuroticism
Bryan is considered a bully at his workplace. He is often rude to his coworkers and has been known to take credit for their ideas. His behavior is considered to be
Counterproductive workplace behavior
Samantha is the CEO of a Fortune 500 company. When she took over as CEO, the company was foundering. Under her leadership, the company has thrived, and she’s transformed the company to be highly competitive on a global scale now and in the future. Which of the following traits is Samantha most likely to possess?
high openness to experience
The ability to rise to a leadership position in an organization is called
emergent leadership
You’re the hiring manager of a large firm. If you’re like most employers who are seeking new employees, you are likely looking for which combination of Big Five traits?
high conscientiousness, low neuroticism, and high agreeableness
Which of the following statements regarding people filling out personality questionnaires for employment purposes is true?
Personality questionnaires are constructed in such a way as to make it difficult to lie effectively.
Fake good
personality questionnaire responses putting the self in a positive light
Which of the following is a key predictor of workplace satisfaction and workplace performance?
intrinsic motivation
What is it called when someone appears not to be motivated by anything?
amotivation
Harold has done well in earning money and titles throughout his career, yet he isn’t truly happy with what he does. This may be due to the fact that Harold has focused too much on
extrinsic motivation
Harold has done well in earning money and titles throughout his career, yet he isn’t truly happy with what he does. This may be due to the fact that Harold has focused too much on
extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation includes internalized motives such as meeting goals, fulfilling core values, and
maintaining self-esteem
Jasmine is at the career services department. She has taken a personality questionnaire and is now talking with a counselor about her vocational interests. At this stage of her career search, Jasmine is likely trying to determine
vocational fit
As part of the process of choosing a good career path for himself, Eric is taking a questionnaire that is designed to appraise eight different career paths. Eric is likely taking the
ORVIS
The RIASEC measures how many career types?
6
On what measure do the RAISEC and the ORVIS not overlap?
erudition
On average, people with which Big Five personality trait tend to be the most satisfied at their job?
conscientiousness
Which of the Big Five traits has the weakest correlation with job satisfaction?
Openness to experience
Alex shows up for work on time each day and is accountable and responsible. This best exemplifies someone who measures high for which Big Five trait?
conscientiousness
What is the difference between emergent and effective leadership?
Emergent leadership is the ability to become a leader in an organization; effective leadership is the ability to be a successful leader once you have the job.
Slight image creation
a small amount of positive self-presentation during a job search
Demi has her own companies with tight profit margins. To be productive, she must ensure that things run smoothly and that there’s not drama among her employees. They all need to be emotionally calm and stable. Demi is likely to seek people low in
neuroticism
Katy just completed a job interview in which she lied on many of the questions in order to make herself look better. This is known as
extensive image creation
