exam two review notes Flashcards
Approach Motivation
Anticipating rewards for success. (tend to perform better)
(Making the dean’s list) These people tend to be high in extraversion
Avoidance motivation
Worrying about the negative consequences of failure. (worry about failing)
These people tend to be high in neuroticism and have lower self-esteem
However, these people are very good at being air traffic controllers, or an accountant because catching errors is crucial
Humanistic Psychology
A branch of psychology focused on the “whole” person, including free will, creativity, and human potential
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (in order of importance)
- self-actualization
- self-esteem (confidence, achievement and the respect of others)
- Love and belonging (friendships, family, intimate relationships)
- Safety and security (health, employment, property and social stability)
- Basic physiological needs (food, water, shelter)
Self-actualization
the need to actualize or “make actual” your unique talents and abilities ; recognizing one’s potential
Extrinsic needs
financial success, popularity or fame, and image or physical attractiveness.
What society values like celebrities and other really good looking people ; money and power
example : I am a nurse for the money payout
instristic needs
personal growth, affiliation and community feeling.
These are the goals which we know that we “should” value such as helping other
example : I am a nurse to help and heal people.
Unconditional positive regard
acceptable and love of someone’s whole self without conditions attached.
Carl Rogers philosophy
people can get closer to self-actualization when they experience unconditional positive regard. (acceptance and love of their whole selves without conditions)
Projective measures
indirect measures, in theory, people project their motives onto the characters in a picture
Power motive
wanting to have an impact on others
Achievement motive
wanting to accomplish things- usually on one’s own and without help
Affiliation motive
being motivated by one’s relationships with others.
Explicit motives
conscious motivations, usually measured by self-report.
is power, affiliation, and achievement motive explicit or implicit?
implicit, these are unconscious motivations
Self-determination theory
argues that there are three needs
1.autonomy
2.competence
3.relatedness
These needs overlap with Murray’s three primary implicit motives: Implicit motives: power (autonomy), achievement (competence) and affiliation (relatedness)
Positive psychology
an area of psychology focused on what can make our lives better and what might make us happier
peak experiences
times when people can transcend themsev les and feel one with the world
Flow state
the mental experience of the smooth passage of time when you are completely immersed in an activity in the present moment
Meaning in life
having a purpose and putting time and energy into attaining important goals. Meaning can also come from religion, personal relationships, behaving in a way consistent with your beliefs, or self-improvement
Behaviorism
a branch of psychology that focused on (relatively) simple explanations for outward behaviors and is unconcerned with the inner workings of the mind (cognition)
social learning
learning how to behave from watching other people’s behaivor
- Individual differences in personality are due to social
learning that occurs in the environment (including
culture, peers and family).
Operant conditioning
shaping behaivor through rewards and punishments
bx
behaivor
positive reinforcement
Adding a pleasant stimulus to reward a behavior
ex. giving a sticker (stimulus) to a kid every they wash their hands (behavior)
negative reinforcement
removal of unpleasant stimulus or avoiding of unpleasant stimulus to reward behavior
ex. waking up to avoid alarm clock sound
positive punishment
adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a misbehavior
ex. spraying a cat every time they pee in the carpet and not the litter box
negative punishment
removal of pleasant stimulus to decrease a misbehavior
ex. taking your daughter’s phone when they do not make their bed
Shaping
gradual training that rewards behavior progressively closer to the desired one.
This is learning by observing others
B.R Skinner philosophy
argued that positive reinforcement is more effective than punishment, because positive reinforcement focuses on what the person or animal is doing well instead of what he is not doing: Children who receive attention only when they act badly soon learn to act badly more often. But children who receive attention for positive things are eager to show their parents how well they can behave.
Continuous reinforcement schedule
always giving out a reward for good behavior
Reinforcement schedule
giving out rewards for good behavior at certain intervals
partial reinforcement
only sometimes giving out a reward for good behavior
fixed ratio reinforcement
giving out a reward after a certain number of times that the behavior was done
(rewarding a behavior after reading 3, 7, 5 pages)
Variable ratio reinforcement
giving out a reward after a random number of time that the behavior is done
Fixed interval reinforcement
giving out a reward in consistent times
( every day, every week, every 5 minutes)
Variable interval reinforcement
giving out a reward after a random amount of time has passed
Reciprocal determinism
Albert Bandura’s theory that a person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment
Token economy
A program in which good behavior is rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges.
Internal locus of control
believing that your actions have an effect on events.
What happens to you is under your control, they believe that hard work pays off
External locus of control
believing that events are more a matter of luck and the arbitrary decisions of powerful people. (poor school and work performance, and depression)
Learned helplessness
repeated exposure to unavoidable punishments leads to belief that nothing is under your control.
Spontaneous recovery
relearning a conditioned response
Habituation
getting used to something in the environment and not responding as strongly anymore.
Phobia
an intense fear or specific thing.
Systematic desensitization
a treatment for phobias that attempts to reduce fear in many small steps by associating the feared thing with calmness
Progressive relaxation
learning how to systematically relax your body so your mind calms.
Flooding
confronting your worst fear head-on, all at once. (fixes the issues within hours)
Longitudinal study
follows a group of people as they age.
The advantage is you’re comparing the same people at 20 and at 60. The disadvantage is it takes a very long time and is thus expensive and time-consuming.
Cross sectional study
collects data at one time and compares people of different ages.
The downside is the younger people are different people than the older ones, so the younger people might differ from the older people in ways other than age.
Temperament
Genetically based behavioral tendencies seen in young children
ex. fuzziness
the big 5 and temperment?
Extraversion, conscientiousness, and neuroticism overlap the most with temperament—they are the easiest to describe and observe among children
Rank-order consistency
comparing someone to the average person his or her age
Mean-level changes
A population average in scores changes with age
Quantum change
radical personality change
Social Investment theory
the idea that personality matures as people enter important adult social roles such as establishing a career and starting a family.
Maturation of personality
growth in traits consistent with being more mature and grown-up, such as a higher conscientiousness, higher agreeableness, and lower neuroticism. (the angelina jolie effect)
emerging adulthood
new life stage between adolescence and adulthood
Erikson’s life stages
- Trust vs mistrust (infancy) babies
- Autonomy vs guilt (preschool school) (2-4 years old, finding nemo)
- Initiative vs guilt (elementary school) (pre-school)
- Industry vs inferiority (elem/ middle school) (the incredibles race)
- Identity vs role (high school) (13-19 y.o) minions
- Intimacy vs isolation (early adulthood) (frozen when bf dies)
- Generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood) (toy story 3 going to college)
- Ego identity vs despair (old age)
Sex
biological division of males and females based on chromosomes, genitals, and secondary sexual characterisitcs
Gender
roles and behavior attributed to one gender or another such as cognitive abilities, sexual behavior, hair length, clothing and preferences for jobs
Spatial ability
the ability to mentally rotate objects.
Body expansiveness
taking up more space with your body
Gender schemas
children process information about what is appropriate or typical for their gender, and then act that way
Social norms
rules for behaivor within a society.
culture
the customs, values and bx’s characteristics of a nation, an ethnic group, a class or a time period.
Self-views and personality traits differ across cultures. Four primary factors:
- Geography
- race/ethnicity
- Socioeconomic status
- Generation
WEIRD
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
Socioeconomic status
social class, usually measured by income level, job prestige, and/or education level
Birth cohort
everyone born in one year
Cultural products
the products of a culture such as song lyrics, tv shows, advertisements, and books used for studying culture at a broad level.
Mutual constitution model
The reciprocal way in which an individual is shaped by the surrounding culture and at the same time shapes the culture with their behavior.
Internal attribution
an explanation for bx that focuses on the individual choices and personality.
External attribution
an explanation for bx focusing on the surrounding situation
Self-enhancement
unrealistically positive views of the self and personal abilities
Reference-group effect
when people compare themselves to other people they know when completing personality questionnaires. When completing a personality questionnaire, you compare yourself to people you know. Often, these are people from your own culture
Perception of national character
asking people to describe the typical member of a culture.
Vocational interests
the type of professions you are interested in
Vocational fit
determining which profession fits your personality
Perceived overqualification
believing you are overqualified for your job
ORVIS tests for ?
Leadership, organization, altruism, creativity, analysis, production, adventure, and erudition
RIASEC
The job types on the RIASEC (realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising and conventional )Developed by John Harland
Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)
doing positive things for the organization beyond a defined job
Counterproductive workplace behavior (CWB)
unethical, illegal, or unwise workplace behaviors such as stealing and bullying
emergent vs effective leadership
Someone who emerges in a position of leadership is not going to do as well as someone who is effective in that position of leadership
who makes good bosses ?
The best bosses are often good listeners, nice people, high agreeableness.
Slight imagine creation
a small amount of positive self-presentation during a job search
Extensive image creation
a major amount of positive self-presentation during a job search
Fake good
personality questionnaire responses putting the self in a positive light
