health psychology test 3 Flashcards
Cigarette smoking in the United States reached it’s peaked when?
during the middle of the 1960’s
Consuming alcohol in the United States reached it’s peaked when?
Peaked before the temperance movement around the early 1800s and decreased after the temperance movement steadily in 1840s
the results of studies on experimental starvation and experimental overeating
are consistent with the concept of a set-point
set-point
The set point theory states that a person’s body will adapt to their caloric intake and outtake in order to maintain the body’s desired natural weight and shape
Which type of intervention is beneficial for increasing knowledge of the benefits of physical exercise but has not shown the same efficacy for getting individuals to adapt physical activities
informational interventions
The helpful intervention to help people become more active?
social intervention
The most common intervention would be?
Behavioral and sometimes social
the reinforcement of smoking assumes that, for someone who becomes a smoker
The positive (reinforcement) consequences outweigh negative consequences
Which of the following of a “direct” hazard” of alcohol consumption ?
Progressive liver damage from long-term heavy drinking
An example of indirect hazard would be
the effects on coordination and cognitive functions
What is part of the digestive system?
Stomach, teeth, esophagus, phyranx
What is the function of the stomach?
Digest food to absorb nutrients and break down food with gastric juices to be finally processed by the small intestine
Brooke is bedridden after an auto accident, What exercise would help her maintain the strength in her arms with the minimum of movement ?
isometric
Isometric
No equipment to contract and working on muscle strength staying still and not much joint movement “pressure” aka holding a towel for a period of time
Isokinetic
Using equipment that involves controlled movement aka the Pilates machine
isotonic
Actively moving joints aka push-ups
The principal function of the respiratory system is to intake oxygen and eliminate
Carbon dioxide
What part of the lungs is greatly affected by smoking?
your airways and the small air sacs (alveoli) found in your lungs leading to many cancers’
Which of the following is the most common of the chronic lower respiratory diseases?
Emphysema
Which of these is true about the neurological effects of nicotine from smoking tobacco?
. Nicotine reaches the brain faster than any other form
American smoking rates declined in response to a number of initiatives. Among them, which of this came first?
b. The US Surgeon General’s report.
What do you think is the most likely reason that people in the 65+ age group have the lowest rate of smoking cigarettes?
Many longtime smokers die of related causes before getting that old.
People start and continue to smoke for various reasons. Which of the following is a reason they continue smoking rather than a reason they start?
Being addicted
Which of these is correct regarding cancer and smoking in the United States prior to the COVID pandemic?
Cancer is the leading cause of smoking-related death and the second leading cause of death in the United States
Which of the following has the highest death toll from passive smoking?
Heart disease
Why was the original D.A.R.E. program not especially effective in preventing smoking?
Because it focused on providing information through lectures
Rita tried repeatedly to quit smoking, but sooner or later she always had to have a cigarette, so she felt doomed to failure. Why might the approach of Marlatt and Gordon be helpful to Rita?
It teaches that they need not be discouraged by slips, which are not total relapses
Jaime was determined to quit smoking on his own, but dismayed when he relapsed after only two days. What proportion of self-quitters relapse after two days?
2/3rds of self-quitters
What do research studies find about the relationships among smoking, quitting, and gaining weight?
People gain weight when they continue to smoke and also when they quit smoking
Colita is overweight, and she just quit smoking. She is glad she quit, but worried she will gain more weight. Some research does show that overweight quitters gain more weight than do individuals who are not overweight. Which additional findings are true and might be encouraging to her?
The benefits of her quitting smoking exceed the benefits of maintaining lower weight.
Raising the legal drinking age from 18 to 21 in the United States resulted in a decline in adolescent drinking rates. What did the Monitoring the Future Project (2020) find about illegal drug use by the same age group?
Illegal drug use decreased parallel with the decrease in alcohol use.
Which of the following variables has an opposite correlation with alcohol intake?
age
In comparison to countries in which drinking alcohol is a common experience, which of the following is more common in countries that reserve alcohol use for special occasions?
Intoxication because tolerance is not being built
When someone drinks, which enzyme turns the alcohol into aldehyde?
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Alcohol metabolism causes increases of uric acid, which is related to
gout
Tahoma, a middle-aged Navajo drank heavily for most of his adult life. He behaved aggressively toward his girlfriend and got into motor vehicle accidents. He was recently diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver. Which of the following is accurate regarding this description?
indirect vs direct hazzard
His cirrhosis is a direct hazard of alcohol; his accident and behavior were both indirect hazards
The health hazards of alcohol are most associated with
not a drinker and a heavy drinker
Which of the following statements is most associated with the tension reduction model of drinking?
“My drinking brings me relief from the stress in my life and from the anxiety I feel over it.”
During the 1800s, views of alcoholism shifted from which earlier to which later view?
Free will to a medical problem
Marta and Maria are identical twins; Bruce and Bart are fraternal twins. What does research about the genetic influences on problem drinking suggest about these pairs?
If there is problem drinking, Marta and Maria are more likely to be similar because they are identical
Philo wakes up every morning thinking he needs a drink as soon as possible and starts his day with a shot of vodka. He repeats this periodically throughout the day to maintain his functioning level and avoid getting antsy and irritable. He has done this for so long that he can go to work, operate a forklift, and perform accounting calculations with high levels of alcohol in his system. He managed to quit for years, but once he drank again, he felt the need to continue drinking much faster. This describes which model of alcohol abuse?
The alcohol dependency syndrome
Natural recovery and spontaneous remission are terms describing people who change their drinking in which way?
Without formal therapy but with help from others
Which of these statements about Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) as a treatment for alcohol abuse is both true and documented by research?
The structure of AA is not likely to work equally well for members without sponsors
Studies assessing psychotherapeutic techniques for treating alcohol abuse have found that which of these are more effective?
Cognitive-behavioral
Which chemical treatment for alcohol abuse is used in aversion therapy?
Disulfiram
Among neurotransmitters affected by drug actions, which of these is most strongly implicated in activating the brain’s pleasure and reward circuits?
dopamine
Thom regularly drinks multiple caffeine-containing energy drinks every day; Luz smokes cigarettes; Judy occasionally takes methamphetamine to help her study for exams; and Pietro occasionally smokes crack. What can accurately be said about these individuals?
they’re all using stimulants
During which phase of the cascade proposed by the brain disease model is the brain flooded with pleasure-producing effects?
Binge and intoxication
In the human digestive process, where does the most nutrient absorption take place?
in the small intestine
Which of the following are substances that are absorbed by the small intestine during digestion?
Protein, carbohydrates, fats, bile salts, water
Bile salts are made by the
liver
Which of the following two peptide hormones are both made by the hypothalamus and act to increase the appetite?
Agouti-related peptide and neuropeptide Y
Among theoretical explanations for obesity, the positive incentive model shares consideration of which factors in common with the set-point model?
Levels of appetite-regulating hormones
Obesity, as measured by a BMI of 25–40 or above, is associated with which of these?
Increased risk of both morbidity and mortality
Metabolic syndrome, which includes hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and insulin resistance and raises risks for Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, is associated with what kind(s) of excess body fat?
adominal
For older adults, it is better to be
slightly overweight than thin
Kate, who is obese, is researching weight loss methods. Which of the following does research find could be not only the safest, healthiest, and most balanced, but also the most effective for her?
Decreased portions, plus increased exercise
Which of the following characteristics are commonly shared across the conditions of anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder?
Body dissatisfaction, preoccupation with weight and food, and binge eating behavior
Three young adults meet in a treatment program. One is diagnosed with anorexia, one with bulimia, and one with binge eating. Based on research findings, what is most accurate about the success they may have with certain treatment methods?
CBT will help the bulimic more than the anorexic, and mindfulness can help the binge eater lose weight
Patrick is a 30-year-old male who is markedly overweight, abuses alcohol, and has some symptoms that may indicate a personality disorder. Patrick has been diagnosed with an eating disorder. Based on this information and on research statistics, which eating disorder is he most likely to have?
binge eating disorder
Athena is working on her explosive energy doing wind sprints. Her friend Letitia is working on her endurance doing long-distance running. Which statement accurately describes what each is doing?
Athena is engaging in anaerobic exercise and Letitia is engaging in aerobic exercise.
Hilde presses her hands firmly against each other and against a wall to build up her arm strength. Ricardo lifts free weights and barbells to build his upper body strength. Which statement accurately describes what each is doing?
Hilde is engaging in isometric exercise and Ricardo is engaging in isotonic exercise.
Richard Williams was a tennis player and coach who wrote a plan to train his two daughters to become tennis professionals. He began coaching them in their early childhoods. His daughters, Venus and Serena Williams, both became world-famous tennis champions. You could infer which of the following from this?
had both organic and dynamic fittness
Which of the following is most accurate about exercise relative to body weight and shape?
Exercise helps weight loss most through raising one’s resting metabolic rate.
What is most accurate about past and current research into the impact of exercise on risk of cardiovascular disease?
Early studies focused only on men, but later research suggests women may benefit even more.
Which statement about the impact of exercise is accurate?
Light to moderate exercise increases the quantity and quality of people’s lives
Regular physical activity can
prevent Type 2 diabetes and help manage Types 1 and 2
Research finds that exercise is effective for reducing which of the following?
Mild or moderate depression and state anxiety
Based on the findings of multiple researchers and studies, exercise exerts its influence on the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer through inhibiting the release of
proinflammatory cytokines
Depending on your goals, what can you best assume about the quality of exercise you need to attain them relative to the American College of Sports Medicine’s (ACSM) recommendations?
If you want to lose weight or to maintain a weight loss, you will need to exceed the recommendations for exercise intensity and duration.
Based on the information given, which would you evaluate as more effective for increasing student physical activity not only in school, but also outside of school?
social support interventions
disulfiram is used to treat alcohol abuse because
it produces an unpleasant effect when combined with alcohol
Most common treatment for alcohol abuse is
AA treatment with sponsor
how many individuals are overweight and obese in the adult population in the U.S?
70%
Thought what decades have obesity and overweight has increased
In the last two decades 2000s-2010s-2020s
How much can physical activity reduce risk of death?
33%
Liver damage and Alcohol
cirrhosis
Neurological damage and Alcohol
Korsakoff syndrome
Cardiovascular system and Alcohol
heavy drinking related to heart disease and stroke
Pregnancy and Alcohol
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
