Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medicine Unit 5 > Psychology of pain > Flashcards

Psychology of pain Flashcards

1
Q

what is pain

A

a percept
aversive and unpleasant
sign of actual or potential tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

components of pain

A

sensory
affective
cognitive
motivational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why do we have pain

A

constant feedback about body enabling us to make adjustments
warning sign that something is wrong and results in protective behaviour
triggers help seeking behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 stages of pain

A

acute
pre-chronic
chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

acute pain

A

adaptive
typically related to identifiable injury of disease
self-limited and resolves over hours to days or in time frame associated with healing
usually associated with objective autonomic features
heightened sympathetic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pre-chronic pain

A

critical time when the person either begins to heal and overcome the pain or lose hope and develop feelings of helplessness that can constitute chronic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

chronic pain

A

time for normal healing has elapsed but the pain will continue
often in absence of any detectable tissue damage
vague descriptions of pain and inability to describe pains timing and localisation
lacks signs of heightened sympathetic activty
depression and anxiety common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which pathways transmit pain from periphery to brain

A

transduction
transmission
modulation
perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

transduction

A

afferent nerve endings translate noxious stimuli into pain messenger impulses
bee sting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 types of primary afferents in transduction

A

A-beta
A-delta
C-fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A-beta

A

carry information related to touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A-delta

A

information related to pain and temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

C-fibers

A

information related to pain, temperature and itch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

nociceptors

A

receptors in the kin and organs that sense heat, mechanical and chemical tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

noiception

A

process of perceiving pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

transmission

A

process where impulses are sent to dorsal horn of the spinal cord
along the sensory tracts top the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

2 finer systems in transmission

A

A-delta fibers: fast,sharp,well localised sensation, first pain
C-fibers: duller,slower onset often poorly localised, second pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

modulation

A

process of dampening or amplifying the pain related neural signal
descending inhibitory input dampens or entirely blocks incoming nociceptive signals at the gate of the dorsal horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

label the image of the descending pain modulation pathway

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

gate control theory

A

Melzack and Wall
neural gate in the spinal cord that regulates the experience of pain
pain isn’t result of straight through sensory channel
physiological and psychological causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

descending central influences from the brain

A

sends information related to the psychological state of the individual to the gate
behavioural state
emotional state
previous experience or self-efficacy in dealing with the pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

early pain theories

A

biomedical framework
pain is automatic response to external factor
tissue damage causes the sensation of pain
pain sensations has a single cause
psychosocial factors have no casual influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what was pain categorised into

A

psychogenic pain
organic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

psychogenic pain

A

considered to be all in the patients mind
was a label given to pain when no organic basis could be found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
organic pain
regarded as real pain label given to pain when some clear injury could be seen
26
pain perception
conscious awareness of the experience of pain mediated by small diameter myelinated A-delta and non-myelinated C fibers chemicals released following injury produce pain by direct stimulation of by sensitisation of nerve endings
27
what does perception result from
interaction of transduction, transmission,modulation, psychological aspects and other individual circumstances
28
how does GCT differ from earlier pain models
pain is a perception individual actively interprets and appraises the stimuli variations in pain perceptions is understood in terms of degreee of opening and closing gate GCT suggests many factors involved not one cause
29
what opens the gate
physical factors emotional factors behavioural factors
30
physical factors for opening the gate
injury activation of large fibers
31
emotional factors for opening the gate
anxiety worry depression
32
behavioural factors for opening the gate
focusing on the pain boredom
33
what closes the gate
physical factors emotional factors behavioural factors
34
physical factors for closing the gate
medication stimulation of small fibers
35
emotional factors for closing the gate
happiness optimism relxation
36
behavioural factors for closing the gate
focus concentration distraction involvement in other activities
37
physiological gate open and gate closed
C/A delta fibers active A beta fibers active
38
medical gate open and gate closed
extent of injury and insufficient medication sufficient medication
39
cognitive gate open and gate closed
focus on pain distraction and reinterpretation of pain
40
emotional state gate open gate closed
anxiety, fear, stress and depression happy optimistic relaxed rested prior experience of pain
41
behavioural personality gate open gate closed
introvert extrovert
42
hysteria
tendency to exaggerate symptoms and use emotional behaviour to solve problems
43
hypochondriasis
tendency to be overly concerned about health and to over report body symptoms
44
what do chronic pain suffers score high in
depression also hysteria and hypochondriasis
45
factors that may affect pain
biology of pain pathways neuroplasticity in these pathways learning and conditioning cognitive aspects of pain emotional aspects of pain memories of pain sociocultural milieu in which pain is experiences
46
types of conditioning
classical conditioning operant conditioning
47
classical conditioning
associating dentist with pain due to past experiences
48
operant conditioning
pain behaviour may be positively reinforced which may itself increase pain perception
49
role of cognition
catastrophising: rumination, magnification, helplessness meaning: pain has different meanings to different people attention: attention to pain can increase pain perception and distraction reduces pain
50
role of affect
anxiety fear
51
anxiety in the role of affect
worry and anxiety relate to pain perception acute pain increases anxiety chronic pain treatment ineffective increases anxiety and increases pain
52
fear in the role of affect
fear of pain and fear avoidance beliefs exacerbate existing pain and turn acute pain to chronic
53
psychological circle of pain
untreated pain that persists can cause fear and anxiety if pain fails to resolve patients will become depressed and lose confidence in themselves and their doctors sleeplessness may exacerbate the problem
54
age as a psychosocial factor in experience of pain
people get older there is a progressive increase in report of pain and decrease tolerance
55
gender as a psychosocial factor in experience of pain
women report more frequently with more migraines, tension headaches, pelvic pain, facial pain and lower back pain gender differences already apparent by adolescence and in medicines differential response to pain reports of women admen
56
pain as an interpersonal construct
pain is experience by the person response to pain, particularly chronic pain can be influenced by these
57
psychogenic management strategies
placebo hypnosis stress cognitive
58
pharmacological management strategies
opiates spinal block anti-inflammatory drugs aspirin
59
placebo
may activate endorphin mediated pain control sometimes inhibited by opiate antagonists
60
hypnosis
alters brains perception of pain control infected by opiate antagonists
61
stress
both opioid and nonopioid mechanisms clinically impractical and inappropriate
62
cognitive
may activate endorphin mediated pain control system limited usefulness for severe pain
63
opitates
bind to opioid receptors in peri-aqueductal gray and spinal cord severe side effects due to binding in other brain regions
64
spinal block
rugs block pain signals in spinal cord avoids side effects of systemic administration
65
anti-inflammatory drugs
block prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis at site of injury major side effects
66
aspirin
blocks prostaglandin synthesis at the site of injury doesn't block leukotriene synthesis
67
types fo pain relief intervention
stimulaiton surgical psychogenic pharmacological
68
types of stimulation
TENS/mechnical acupuncture central gray
69
types of surgical
cut peripheral nerve cord rhizotomy, cutting dorsal root frontal lobotomy
70
TENS
tactile or electrical stimulation of large offers blocks or alters pain signal to brain segmental control, must be applied at site of pain
71
acupuncture
similar to TENS but sometimes affected by opiate antagonists
72
central gtay
electrical stimulation activates endorphin mediated pain control systems blocking pain signal in spinal cord
73
cutting the peripheral cord and rhizotomy
create physical break in pain pathway considerable risk of failure or return of pain
74
frontal lobotomy
disrupts affective response to pain irreversible and risky, severe effects on behaviour
75
4 distinct strands of psychological pain management
operant-behavioural therapy cognitive behavioural therapy mindfulness based therapy acceptance and commitment therapy
76
operant behaviour therapy
focus on extinguishing maladaptive behavioural responses fostering adaptive responses uses reinformcenet or punishment contingencies alters associations between threat value of pain and physical behaviour good for: complex regional pain syndromes, chronic lower back pain and mixed chronic pain, whiplash associate disorders
77
cognitive behavioural therapy
biopsychosocial approach to behavioural and cognitive repossess to pain involves psychoeducation, relaxation strategies, behavioural pacing and cognitive restricting effective in those with chronic pain negative in those who have pain disorders
78
what is CBT good for
cancer pain complex pain syndromes pain with HIV and AIDS fibromyalgia IBS
79
stress and pain
limbic system hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis involved in stress response have been implicated dysfunction has been implicated in chronic pain conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia
80
stress reduction
mindfullness learning good for arthritis, chronic pain, fibromyalgia and IBS progressive muscle relaxation, stretch based relaxation, deep breathing and autogenic training are all relaxation techniques to be learned biofeedback to modify biological aspects of pain that produce changes in physiological parameters
81
ACT
acceptance and commitment therapy developing psychological flexibility focuses on development of acceptance of mental events and pain and learning to cease avoidance and other problematic behaviours good for musculoskeletal paonii and whiplash

Medicine Unit 5 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions