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Medicine Unit 5 > Histology of connective tissue > Flashcards

Histology of connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what does all connective tissues originate from

A

embryonic mesenchyme
developing mainly from mesoderm

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2
Q

What does connective tissues provide

A

Support
Binds tissues together
Protects tissues and organs of the body

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3
Q

3 main components of connective tissues

A

Cells
Protein fibres
Amorphous ground substance

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4
Q

What makes up amorphous ground substance

A

Proteoglycans
Glycoaminoglycans
Glycoproteins

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5
Q

What do the fibers and ground substance make up

A

Extracellular matrix

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6
Q

Classifications of connective tissues

A

Dense
Loose
Specialised

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7
Q

Dense

A

Regular and irregular

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8
Q

Loose

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

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9
Q

Specialised

A

Blood
Lymph
Bone
Cartilage

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10
Q

Functions of connective tissues

A

Provides substance and form to the body and organs
Defends against infections
Injury repair
Cushion between tissues and organs
Stores lipids
Medium for diffusion
Attaches muscle to bone and bone to bone
Support

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11
Q

Loose areolar tissue

A

Forms layer beneath epithelial lining of many organs
Fills spaces between givers of muscle and nerve to provide support
Highly cellular with random collagen arrangement (some elastic and reticular)
Most numerous cells are fibroblasts

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12
Q

Numerous cells in loose connective tissues

A

Fibroblasts

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13
Q

Dense connective tissue overview

A

More collagen fibers with little ground substance and fewer cells (mainly fibroblasts)
Greater resistance to stretching
Poorly vascularised

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14
Q

Dense regular connective tissues

A

Mainly type 1 collagen fibers oriented in parallel direction
In tendons and ligaments

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15
Q

Dense irregular connective tissues

A

Collagen fibers woven in multiple directions
Resist tensile forces
Found in dermis

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16
Q

Types of fibers

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

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17
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Most type one collagen, most abundant protein in body
Provide tensile strength, resistance to stretching

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18
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Contain elastin and fibrillin
Provide elasticity
Can be stretched but return to original length

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19
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Contain type 3 collagen
Provides support
Network of thin fibers

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20
Q

Type 1

A

Fibrils aggregate into fibers and fiber bundles
Most widespread
Forms component of extra cellular matrix/interstitial collagen, tendons, ligaments, capsules of organs

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21
Q

Type 2,

A

Fibrils don’t form fibers
Present in hyaline and elastic cartilages

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22
Q

Type 3

A

Fibrils aggregate into fibers
Present surrounding smooth muscle cells and nerve fibers
Forms strong of lymphatic tissues and organs

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23
Q

Type 4

A

Chemically unique form of collagen
Doesn’t form fibrils
Major component of basal lamina

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24
Q

what is in the image

A

elastic fibers
contain protein elastin along with lesser amounts of proteins and glycoproteins
after being stretched or compressed will return to original shape
first is in mesentery, dermis and then wall of aorta

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25
Q

what are elastic fibres composed of

A

elastin and fibrillin

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26
Q

which stain can view elastic fibres

A

H&E

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27
Q

what is in the image

A

reticular fibers
seen in lymph nodes
black fine lines
lymphoid cells stained red

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28
Q

which stain is used in reticular infers

A

by a silver impregnation method
argyrophilic

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29
Q

where are reticular fibres mainly located

A

in reticular tissue of soft organs such as liver and spleen
anchor and provide structural support to parenchyma

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30
Q

2 types of cells

A

fixed and transient

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31
Q

fixed cells overview

A

remain mostly stationary within connective tissue
perform functions where they are formed
fibroblasts, adipose cells

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32
Q

transient cells

A

free
originate mainly in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream
leave to enter the connective tissue spaces to perform their specific functions
white blood cells: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes

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33
Q

examples of fixed cells

A

chondrocytes
adipocyte
fibroblast
mesothelial cells
endothelial cells
osteocyte

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34
Q

examples of transient cells

A

t lymphocyte
plasma cells
osteoclast
macrophages
megakaryocyte
mast cell
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
b lymphocyte

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35
Q

what is in the image

A

fibroblasts

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36
Q

what is the most abundant type of cell in the connective tissue

A

fibroblasts
secrete ECM comp: collagen/elastin

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37
Q

types of fibroblasts

A

active
inactive

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38
Q

active fibroblasts

A

often reside close to type 1 collagen bundles
lie parallel to long axis of the fibers
elongated, fusiform cells possessing platelet staining cytoplasm
difficult to distinguish from collagen when stained with H&E
has a large darker stained granular ovoid nucleus with well defined nucleolus

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39
Q

inactive fibroblast

A

fibrocytes
smaller
more ovoid
nuclei are smaller and elongated
more deeply stained
do not manufacture ECM

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40
Q

what is in the image

A

loose connectie tissue

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41
Q

what is in the image

A

loose connective tissue
displays collagen and elastic fibre
under light microscope

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42
Q

what is in the image

A

dense regular connective tissue
sparse cytoplasm of fibroblasts not visible as blends with collagen fibres
is an image of a tendon
nuclei of fibroblasts appear as dark dots in rows between fibres

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43
Q

what is in the image

A

regular dense connective tissue

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44
Q

what is in the image

A

irregular dense connective tissue

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45
Q

general organisation of loose connective tissue

A

much ground substance
many cells
little collagen
randomly distributed

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46
Q

major functions of loose connective tissue

A

supports microvasculature
nerves
immune defence cells

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47
Q

examples of loose connective tissues

A

lamina propria

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48
Q

general organisation of dense irregular connective tissue

A

little ground substance
few cells
much collagen in random fibres

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49
Q

major functions of dense irregular connective tissue

A

protects and supports organs
resists tearing

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50
Q

examples of dense irregular connective tissue

A

dermis of skin
organ capsules
submucosa

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51
Q

general organisation of dense regular connective tissue

A

almost completely filled with parallel bundles of collagen
few fibroblasts
aligned with collagen

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52
Q

major functions of dense regular connective tissue

A

stron connections within musculoskeletal system
strong resistance to force

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53
Q

examples of dense regular connective tissue

A

ligaments
tendons
aponeuroses
corneal stroma

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54
Q

2 types of adipose tissue

A

white
brown

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55
Q

what is in the image

A

unilocular
develops from embryonic mesenchyme with formation of lipoblasts containing small fat vacuoles
mature to adipocytes, storing fat
lipid-storing support cells
act as physical cushioning and padding
arborizing capillary vessels transfer metabolites to and from cells

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56
Q

what is in the image

A

brown adipose tissue
multilocular
most prominent in newborn
develops as cluster of eosinophilic cells
abundant mitochondria for heat generation
has lipid rich cells with central nucleus and polyhedral shaped cells with granular pink cytoplasm
capillary vascular supply with thin fibrocollagenous septa divides tissue into small lobules

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57
Q

non shivering thermogenesis

A

increase in metabolic heat production (above the basal metabolism)
not associated with muscle activity

58
Q

2 types of connective tissue membranes

A

mucous membranes
serous membranes

59
Q

mucous membranes

A

line passageways into body that are continuous with exterior
digestive, urinary, reproductive and respiratory tracts

60
Q

serous membranes

A

thin and transparent
line compartments of ventral body cavity

61
Q

examples of serous membranes

A

pleura
peritoneum
pericardium

62
Q

pleura

A

lining on lungs
pleural cavities in which lungs are found

63
Q

peritoneum

A

lining of abdominopelvic cavity and all organs situated here

64
Q

pericardium

A

lining on surface of heart and pericardial sac that surrounds heart

65
Q

what do serous membranes consist of

A

simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium
thin underlying layer of areolar connective tissue

66
Q

Ehlers-danlos syndrome

A

abnormal skin laxity
hyper mobility of joints
predisposes to recurrent joint dislocations
lots of genetic subtypes
disease can be caused by mutation in collagen gene or in enzyme related to collagen metabolism

67
Q

marfan syndrome

A

mutation in fibrillar gene or dysfunction in its expression
elastic fibers can’t form without fibrillar
often have hyper mobile joints, heart valve dysfunction
patients often very tall and thin

68
Q

features of cartilage

A

avascular, no nerve supply and no lymphatic drainage
surrounded by perichondrium except articular cartilage and fibrocartilage
has cell and extracellular matrix
cells of cartilage are chondrogenic cells, chondroblasts and chondrocytes
has tensile strength, firm structural support for soft tissues, allows flexibility without distortion, resilient to compression
shock absorber

69
Q

how does cartilage grow

A

appositional and interstitial growth

70
Q

difference between chondroblasts and chondrocytes

A

chondroblasts are immature cells that will develop into chondrocytes

71
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrous

72
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

perichondrium
most abundant and contains type 2 collagen fibers
degenerates when chondrocytes hypertrophy and die and matrix begins to calcify, part of endochondral bone formation
cells enclosed in lacunae

73
Q

perichondrium

A

provides protection
nutrition
repair

74
Q

what is in the image

A

hyaline cartilage

75
Q

where is perichondrium not present

A

in articular surfaces

76
Q

elastic cartilage

A

matrix that contains elastic and collagen, can recon when deformed
perichondrium rich in elastic fibers
has abundant fine to coarse branching elastic fibers interspersed with type 2 collagen fibre bundles

77
Q

what is in the image

A

elastic cartilage

78
Q

fibrocartilage

A

chondrocytes arranged in parallel rows
no perichondrium
resistance to mechanical forces
fibrocartilage possesses dense coarse type 1 collagen fibers in its matrix, aids it in withstanding tensile forces

79
Q

what is in the image

A

fibrocartilage

80
Q

where is hyaline cartilage located

A

temporary skeleton of the embryo
articular cartilage
cartilage of respiratory tract
costal cartilage

81
Q

where is elastic cartilage located

A

external ear
epiglottis
auditory tube

82
Q

where is fibrous cartilage located

A

intervertebral discs
articular discs of the knee
mandible
stenroclavicular joints
pubic symphysis

83
Q

what is in the image

A

hyaline cartilage

84
Q

what is in the image

A

elastic cartilage

85
Q

what is in the image

A

fibrocartilage

86
Q

what is in the image

A

hyaline cartilage of an articular surface of bone from synovial joint

87
Q

what is in the image

A

elastic cartilage and perichondrium from th epiglottis
size of chondrocytes and lacunae will vary
elastic fibres are dark strands in extracellular matrix
orcein stain

88
Q

what is in the image

A

hyaline cartilage and then intervertebral disc
chondrocytes appear oriented along lines of stress on cartilage and intervening layers of type 1 collagen
also has fibrocartilage at the top

89
Q

identifying characteristics of hyaline cartilage

A

type 2 collagen
basophilic matrix
chondrocytes normally arranged in groups
perichondrium in most places except articular cartilages and epiphyses

90
Q

identifying characteristics of elastic cartilage

A

type 2 collagen
elastic fibers

91
Q

identifying characteristics of fibrous cartilage

A

type 1 collagen
acidophilic matrix
chondrocytes arranged in parallel rows between bundles of collagen
always associated with dense regular collagenous connective tissue or hyaline

92
Q

two types of cartilage growth

A

interstitial
appositional

93
Q

interstitial cartilage growth

A

individual mesenchymal ells retract processes and congregate in cell clusters to form chondrification centres
kartogenin will influence cells in the chondrification centres and differentiate into chondroblasts
secrete cartilage matrix and entrap in lacunae
when surrounded in matrix they are chondrocytes
chondrocytes divide by mitosis

94
Q

which type of cartilage growth is shown in the image

A

interstitial

95
Q

appositional cartilage groth

A

outermost cells are spindle shaped and clustered in perichondrium
inner cells, chondrogenic layer will differentiate into chondroblasts which synthesise and secrete type 2 collagen

96
Q

which type of cartilage growth is shown in the image

A

appositional cartilage growth

97
Q

bone overview

A

highly vascular
consists of cells, fibres and extracellular material with mineral deposits
important for haemopoiesis acts as reservoir for calcium and minerals
covered by periosteum except at articular surfaces
protects organs
primary and secondary

98
Q

primary bone overview

A

abundant osteocytes
irregular bundles of collagen
later replaced by secondary bones

99
Q

secondary bone overiew

A

categorised into compact and spongy
compact= cortical
spongy= cancellous/trabecular

100
Q

label top to bottom

A

outer circumferential lamellae
interstitial system
inner circumferential lamellae
volkmann canal
Haversian canal\lacuna
endosteum
periosteum
medullary trabecular bone

101
Q

where are osteocytes located

A

in spaces called lacunae

102
Q

outer circumferential layer

A

form the outermost region of the diaphysis
sharpie fibers ancoring periosteum to the bon

103
Q

trabecular of spongy bone

A

extend from inner circumferential lamellae into marrow cavity
interrupt endosteal lining of inner circumferential lamellae

104
Q

label top to bottom

A

femoral neck
epiphysis
metaphysis
diaphysis
metaphysis
epiphysis

bone bit is periosteum

105
Q

osteon

A

consists of central canal called osteonic/Haversian canal
surrounded by concentric rings of matrix

106
Q

between rings of matrix

A

osteocytes
located in spaces called lacunae

107
Q

periosteum

A

outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer

108
Q

what is in the image

A

osteon
compact bone
transverse section of osteon showing Haversian canal
canaliculi are very fine dark strands radiating from Haversian canal to osteocytes
only nuclei of osteocytes are clearly seen

109
Q

canaliculi

A

spaces occupied by cytoplasmic processed of osteocytes

110
Q

what is in the image

A

osteon
compact bone
shows Haversian canals
nuclei of osteocytes appear as small dark dots
some lie in concentric circles formed by lamellae of bone
black line surrounds some irregularly placed lamellae

111
Q

what is in the image

A

compact bone
longitudinal section of osteons
nucleic are small dark dots

112
Q

information about Haversian canals

A

lined by layer of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells
houses neuromuscular bundle with associated connective tissue

113
Q

volkmann canals

A

haverisan canals of adjacent osteons connected by these
vascular spaces that are oriented oblique or perpendicular to Haversian canals

114
Q

identify the labels

A

Periosteum (FP)
Outer circumferential lamellae (OCL)
Interstitial lamellae (IL)
Haversian canal (HC)
Volkmann canals (VC)
Inner circumferential lamellae (ICL)

115
Q

different types of bone cells

A

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

116
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

precursors of osteoblasts

117
Q

osteocytes

A

derived from osteoblasts trapped within the bone they have made
regulate bone remodelling by secretion of several factors that act on other cell types

118
Q

osteoblasts

A

synthesise osteoid collagen
mineralise if by depositing calcium and phosphate hydroxides
only large metabolically active cells when there is a requirement for new osteoid deposition
when inactive they are insignificant spindle cells lying on the bone surface

119
Q

osteoclasts

A

multinucleate cells derived from blood monocytes
highly mobile cells capable of eroding mineralised bone by enzymic hydrolysis of osteoid collagen with release of bone minerals
osteoclastic resorption of bone stimulated by parathyroid hormone in response to low serum calcium level

120
Q

important components of osteoid

A

type 1 collagen
protein osetocalcin
which binds Ca2+ and PO4 to form hydroxyapatite crystals

121
Q

types of bone development

A

intramembranous
endochondral

122
Q

bone develop in utero

A

as a hyaline cartilage model
becomes bone by endochondral ossification
some directly by intramembranous ossification
cartilage replaced as chondrocytes die and osteogenic cells become osteoblasts which deposit bone matrix on old cartilage matrix

123
Q

intramembranous ossification process

A
  1. Mesenchymal stem cells aggregate and differentiate to form osteoblasts
  2. Form ossification centre
  3. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid (unmineralized bone
  4. Peripheral mesenchymal continue to differentiate
  5. Osteolasts secrete osteoid inwards towards ossification centre
  6. Osteoblasts become trapped in osteoid and are differentiated into osteocytes
  7. After several days the osteoid calcifes and hardens to form hardened bone matrix
  8. Osteoid continues to be deposited and assembles in random manner around embryonic blood vessels
  9. Forms finely woven trabeculae
  10. Mesenchyme begins to differentiate into periosteum
  11. Compact bone replaces woven bone at outer edge, layered structure
  12. Internal spongy bone remains as this is where vascular tissue in the spaces forms red marrow
  13. Osteoblasts remain on bone surface to remodel when needed
124
Q

endochondral ossification process

A
  1. Starts at primary ossification centre
  2. Perichondrium becomes vascularised
  3. Blood vessels supply nutrients to mesenchymal cells
  4. Causes differentiation of mesenchymal cells to osteoblasts
  5. Osteoblasts will gather on diaphysis wall and form bone collar by depositing osteoid
  6. Bone colloar formation causes chondrocytes in the central cavity to enlarge and matrix to calcify
  7. Calcified matrix becomes impermeable to nutrients, causes cell death
  8. Central clearing forms where the cells have died
  9. Healthy chondrocytes at distal ends cause elongation as more cartilage deposited
  10. Periosteal bud invades cavity and forms spongy bone: contains arteries, veins, lymphatics, nerves, osteogenic cells (osteoblasts and clasts)
  11. Osteoclasts degrade cartilage matrix whilst osteoblasts deposit new spongy bone
  12. Bone continues to elongate distally
  13. Primary ossification centre continues to enlarge
  14. Osteoclasts now break down newly formed spongy bone from centre
  15. Forming the medullary cavity, early stages
  16. Cartilaginous growth now only occurs within the epiphyses
  17. Bony epiphyseal surface begins to form at both ends
  18. Secondary ossification may appear at one or both epiphysis (doesn’t develop yet)
  19. Epiphyses ossify after birth, 2 centres in long bones, 1 in short and several in irregular
  20. Cartilage now remains on bone surface and epiphyseal plates
  21. Articular cartilage on the ends
  22. Cartilage in the epiphysis
125
Q

postnatal development of bone

A

epiphyseal plate remains across junction between epiphysis and diaphysis
1. Chondrocytes on epiphyseal side relatively inactive= resting zone
2. Chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis and stack, pushes diaphysis away from epiphysis, cartilaginous matrix= proliferation zone
3. Older chondrocytes enlarge as lacunae erode ,cartilaginous matrix will harden = hypertrophic zone
4. Calcification zone= calcified matrix invades diaphysis
5. New empty space allows osteoblasts to deposit bone as osteoclasts erode the cartilage= ossification zone

126
Q

when do the two ossification centres merge

A

when the epiphyseal plate disappears

127
Q

primary centre of ossification

A

resting zone
zone of proliferating
zone of maturation hypertrophy and calcification
zone of degeneration
zone of ossification
zone of resorption

128
Q

label the image

A
129
Q

resting zone

A

normal hyaline cartilage

130
Q

zone of proliferation

A

where isogenous groups of chondrocytes actively divide, forming linear isogenous groups. This zone maintains cartilage thickness.

131
Q

zone of maturation, hypertrophy and calcification

A

where chondrocytes mature, hypertrophy and produce alkaline phosphatase with the subsequent calcification of the cartilage matrix.

132
Q

zone of degeneration

A

where chondrocytes die, leaving empty lacunae surrounded by vertically oriented spicules of calcified cartilage

133
Q

zone of ossification

A

where bone is deposited on the calcified cartilage spicules immediately adjacent to the bony diaphysis, thus increasing the length of that diaphysis.

134
Q

zone of resorption

A

where calcified cartilage–bone spicules are resorbed to form the marrow space

135
Q

secondary centre of ossification

A

occurs in each epiphysis
similar pattern to primary except:
1. No periosteal band is formed.
2. Ossification occurs in a radial manner from the original center of the secondary center of ossification.
3. Bone resorption does not occur; thus, spongy bone permanently fills the epiphyses.
4. Ossification does not replace articular cartilage.

136
Q

what type of ossification is in the image

A

intramembranous officiation

137
Q

which type of ossification is in the image

A

endochondral ossification

138
Q

which type of ossification is in the image

A

postnatal development of bone

139
Q

osteoporosis

A

age related
loss of bone mitral density
increased activity of osteoclasts after menopause as oestrogen levels decrease due to loss of secretion of hormones from ovaries
could be due to decreased level of calcium in bones
affected bones often fractures with minimal force
oestrogen therapy and high intake of calcium helps to slow disease progression
administration of calcitonin also inhibits bone resorption and can prevent post menopausal bone los

140
Q

osteoarthritis

A

most common form
primarily disease of artilcualr cartilage
loss of cartilage leads to bone on bone contact in synovial joints with rapid deterioration of movement and function
disorder associated with decreased glycosaminoglycan content of matrix accompanied by increased water content
affects hyaline cartilage covering ends of articulating bones
particularly affecting weight bearing joints

141
Q

endochondral ossification information

A

vast majority of bones
except the clavicle it will form all bones under the skull
begins in month 2 of in utero
uses hyaline cartialge for ossification

142
Q

intramembranous ossification information

A

first present after conception
beofre week 8
all bone formed from hyaline cartilage and fibrous membranes
forms cranial bones and clavicle

Medicine Unit 5 (14 decks)

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