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Psychology > Psychology Exam 4 > Flashcards

Psychology Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Branch of psychology concerned with the way one’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others

A

Social Psychology

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2
Q

Perceptions associated with physically attractive people

A

Sociable, friendly, warm, well-adjusted (these perceptions are due to the media)

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3
Q

Normal cognitive processes involving widely held social schemas that led people toe expect other to have certain characteristics due to their membership in a specific group

A

Stereotypes

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4
Q

Negative attitude toward a person due to group membership

A

Prejudice

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5
Q

Cognitive, Affective, behavioral elements of prejudice

A

Cognitive (thoughts): Ex. women aren’t good for leadership
Affective (emotions): ex. women in leadership roles makes me mad
Behavioral (actions): ex. I wouldn’t hire a woman as a manager

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6
Q

The action of behaving differently towards someone due to their group membership

A

Discrimination

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7
Q

Group one identifies with, shows favoritism towards

A

Ingroup

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8
Q

Group one does not identify with, shows derogatory reactions towards them

A

Outgroup

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9
Q

Inferences people draw as to the causes of events, behavior (of themselves and others)

A

Internal Attributions: behavior caused by internal(personal) traits
External Attributions: behavior caused by environmental problems

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10
Q

Observers bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others behavior, blame own behavior on external attributions

A

Self-serving bias

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11
Q

Collectivism vs. Individualism

A

Collectivism is more society/community-minded (Asian countries) and put group goals ahead of personal goals. Individualism focuses on personal goals over community/group goals (westernized cultures)

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12
Q

What is defensive attribution

A

Person blames the victim/victim’s problems on internal attributions because they want to believe the world is okay and that wouldn’t happen to them

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13
Q

Says males and females of approximately equal attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners

A

Matching Hypothesis

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14
Q

Where a partner helps the other one feel good about oneself

A

Self-enhancement

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15
Q

Where dating people modify their attitudes to make them more congruent with the other person

A

Attitude Alignment

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16
Q

Covert attitudes that are expressed in subtle, automatic responses that people don’t have conscious control over

A

Implicit Attitudes (ex. “we’re all a little racist”)

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17
Q

Attitudes we hold consciously and can readily describe

A

Explicit Attitudes

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18
Q

Traits of those with secure attachment as infants

A

Secure attachment in relationships, trusting, less worried, more motivated to show love in sex, less accepting of casual sex

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19
Q

Traits of those with anxious-ambivalent attachment as infants

A

Love accompanied by jealousy, fear of rejection, have sex to fix insecurities, less likely to practice safe sex, more likely to give into sex

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20
Q

Traits of those with avoidant attachment as infants

A

Lack intimacy and trust, casual sex, use sex to manipulate partners

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21
Q

What are source, receivers, messages, channels , and factors of message being received

A 
Source: person sending message
Receiver: person to whom message is sent
Message: Info transmitted
Channels: How the message is sent
Factors: Credibility, expertise, trust, likability, similarity
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22
Q

Says that repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to a greater liking of the stimulus

A

Exposure Effect

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23
Q

Related cognitions contradict each other, accompanied by tension; (ex. A person sees themselves as hard working but procrastinates a project —> the person will either change beliefs of what hard work is or justify their procrastination)

A

Cognitive Dissonance

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24
Q

Yielding to real or imagined social pressure; who did these tests/research

A

Conformity (Asch did tests using cards–6 people, the last person knows what everyone else chose and is more likely to just side with the others)

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25
Q

Milgram’s research dealt with what

A

People obey authority figures even at the expense of others

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26
Q

What does the bystander effect say

A

People are less likely to provide needed help in groups than when alone because they believe someone else will fix the problem

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27
Q

Group discussion strengthens a dominant point of view and produces a shift to more extreme decision

A

Group polarization

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28
Q

Members of a group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision

A

Groupthink

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29
Q

3 factors that determine if someone has psychological disorder

A

1) Is it deviant? (against social norm)
2) Is it maladaptive? (impairs everyday behavior)
3) Does it cause personal distress?

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30
Q

Proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease

A

Medical Model

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31
Q

Distinguishing one illness from another

A

Diagnosis

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32
Q

Apparent causation and developmental history of a disease

A

Etiology

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33
Q

Forecast of outcomes for a disease

A

Prognosis

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34
Q

Most common psychological disorders

A

Substance Abuse, Anxiety Disorders, Mood disorders

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35
Q

The study of mental/physical disorders in a population

A

Epidemiology

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36
Q

Marked by chronic, high levels of anxiety not tied to a threat; worry

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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37
Q

Fer of going out in public places

A

Agorophobia

38
Q

Irrational fear

A

Phobia

39
Q

Fear of small spaces

A

Claustrophobia

40
Q

Characterized by recurrent attacks of anxiety that occur suddenly

A

Panic Disorder

41
Q

Persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless compulsions

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

42
Q

Psychological Disturbances due to major traumatic events such as nightmares, flashbacks, and alienation

A

PTSD

43
Q

Loss of memory greater than it being due to normal memory loss; caused by traumatic events

A

Dissociative Amnesia

44
Q

Type of dissociative amnesia in which people lose memory of their life and ID, but still know how to do practical things (Jason Bourne)

A

Dissociative Fugue

45
Q

Multiple personality disorder; person has 2 or more personalities with his or her own mannerisms and personality

A

Dissociative Identity Disorder

46
Q

Emotional Disturbances that spill over to physical, perceptual, social, and thoughts (ex. unipolar and bipolar)

A

Mood Disorders

47
Q

What happens in an unipolar person

A

Person experiences emotional extremes at one end of the spectrum (ex. Mania OR depression)

48
Q

What happens in a bipolar person

A

Person experiences emotional extremes at both ends of spectrum

49
Q

Period of time that usually lasts about four months in when someone experiences bipolar symptoms

A

Manic Episode

50
Q

Mild, long forms of depression

A

Dysthymic Disorder

51
Q

Elevated Dopamine levels result in

A

Schizophrenia

52
Q

Low serotonin levels result in

A

Depression

53
Q

Cortisol deals with

A

Regulating Stress

54
Q

What can cause depressive disorders (etiology)

A

Genetics, neurochemical factors, hormones, cognitive thoughts, stress

55
Q

Severe disturbances of thought that spill onto perceptual, social, and emotional processes

A

Schizophrenia
Symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech
Causes: excess dopamine, enlargement of brain ventricles, neglect as a child

56
Q

Marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause distress and lower social functioning

A

Personality Disorders

57
Q

Type of schizophrenia marked by striking motor disturbances, muscular rigidity, random motor activity

A

Catatonic Schizophrenia

58
Q

Type of schizophrenia that causes severe deterioration of adaptive behavior

A

Disorganized Schizophrenia

59
Q

Type of schizophrenia that causes delusions of persecutions and granduer

A

Paranoid Schizophrenia

60
Q

Fear of penis drawing into the abdomen

A

Koro

61
Q

Intense craving fo human flesh, fear of becoming a cannibal

A

Windigo

62
Q

Professional Treatment of psychological disorders

A

Psychotherapy

63
Q

Freud/psychoanalysis deals with ______

A

the unconscious

64
Q

Insight therapy

A

Uses verbal interactions

65
Q

Behavioral Therapy

A

Deals with changing patient’s behaviors (phobias and drug addiction counseling)

66
Q

Biomedical Therapy

A

Biological Functioning; medications

67
Q

Clients express thoughts and feelings without censorship

A

Free Association

68
Q

Therapists analyze client’s dreams

A

Dream Analysis

69
Q

Defensive mechanism used by client to hinder therapy

A

Resistance

70
Q

Client related to therapist

A

Transference

71
Q

Rogers’s idea that the client should have a supported environment in counseling

A

Client-centered therapy

72
Q

Main elements necessary to help patient

A

1) Genuineness
2) Unconditional Positive Regard
3) Empathy

73
Q

Focuses on health and resilience, uses theory and research to understand positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence, useful for clients with depression; focus on clients strengths

A

Positive Psychology

74
Q

Helps patients have people to relate to and normalize

A

Group therapy

75
Q

Based on principles of learning and conditioning (type of therapy)

A

Behavior Therapy

76
Q

Insight therapy vs. Behavior therapy

A

Behavioral therapy focuses on behavior itself and sees symptoms as the problem. Insight therapy focuses on the underlying problem

77
Q

Used to reduce phobic clients anxiety responses through counterconditioning

A

Systematic Desensitization (Ex. fear of lady bugs –> see picture of lady bug —> be able to be in room with lady bug —> be able to hold lady bug)

78
Q

Clients exposed to fearful situations to see those situations are really harmless

A

Exposure Therapy

79
Q

Person pairs something they like with an aversive stimulus to make them not do it anymore (ex. alcoholics take emetic drugs when they drink to make them throw up, want to drink less)

A

Aversion Therapy

80
Q

Emphasizes changing thoughts and beliefs

A

Cognitive Therapy

81
Q

Biomedical approaches to psychotherapy

A

Electroconvulsive therapy (real or placebo?) and drug therapy

82
Q

Antianxiety drugs that relieve tension, apprehension, and nerves

A

Valium and Xanax

83
Q

Anti-depressants; increase seratonin

A

Prozac, zoloft

84
Q

Anti-Psychotics that dampen dopamine

A

Thorazine and Haldol

85
Q

Permits scientists to enhance or depress brain activity in a certain area using magnets

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

86
Q

Therapy practice involving 1 or more systems of therapy, not just one

A

Eclecticism

87
Q

2 or more diseases

A

Comorbidity

88
Q

Movement away from inpatient treatment in mental hospitals to more community, outpatient treatment

A

Deinstitutionalization

89
Q

Info about anti-anxiety drugs

A

Can alleviate anxiety almost immediately, “tranquilizers”
Common side effects include drowsiness, lightheadedness, dry mouth, nausea, constipation, depression, and confusion. They also have a potential for abuse, dependence, and overdose, and can cause withdrawal symptoms

90
Q

Info about Anti-Psychotics

A

Take 3+ weeks to begin working, usually for life because if a patient stops taking them it may cause relapse; gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions; works for about 70% of patients, can cause Parkinson’s, muscular rigidity, tremors

91
Q

Info about anti-depressants

A

Work gradually, about 60% of patients see them working in about 2 weeks; help elevate seratonin and mood

Psychology (7 decks)

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