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Psychology Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How information gets into memory, involves forming a memory code from stimulus

A

Encoding

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2
Q

How info is maintained in memory

A

Storage

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3
Q

How is information pulled out of memory

A

Retrieval

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4
Q

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli

A

Attention

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5
Q

T/F memory is negatively affected by inattention/multitasking

A

True

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6
Q

Types of encoding and what they mean

A

Structural: shallow processing that emphasizes physical structure (ex. shapes form letters)
Phonemic: emphasizes what a word sounds like
Semantic: emphasizes meaning of word (understanding word meanings)

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7
Q

Involves deciding how or whether or not information is personally relevant (improving encoding methods)

A

Self-referent encoding

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8
Q

Involves creating visual images to help remember concepts/words (improving encoding method)

A

Visual Imagery

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9
Q

Process by which a stimulus is linked to other information at the time of encoding (ex. self-generated examples)

A

Elaboration

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10
Q

Order of storage components

A

Sensory memory –> short term memory –> long term memory

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11
Q

Temporary storage that information passes before reching short or longer term memory, preserves info through the senses; lasts .25 seconds

A

Sensory memory

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12
Q

Limited capacity, maintains information for 20 seconds, depends on phonemic encoding, rehearsal common in this

A

Short-Term Memory

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13
Q

Unlimited storage capacity, believed to never go away

A

Long-Term Memory

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14
Q

Storing info in chunks, breaking large amounts into smaller ones

A

Chunking

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15
Q

Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events; stay forever, inaccurate and become less detailed as time goes on

A

Flashbulb memory

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16
Q

The tendency to remember similar or related items in groups

A

Clustering

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17
Q

Multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

A

Conceptual Hierarchy

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18
Q

The temporary inability to remember something you know, can be helped by retrieval cues

A

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

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19
Q

The process of making inferences about the origin of memories; a memory derived from one source misattributed to the other

A

Source monitoring error (hear something on CNN, later say your friend told you that thing)

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20
Q

More common than source monitoring errors, involves recalling to whom one has told what

A

Destination Memory Failure

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21
Q

Thinking you have learned something, but really you have not because you can’t remember it

A

Psuedoforgetting

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22
Q

Proposes that people forget information due to competition from other material

A

Interference (the amount of interference depends on the similarity in material)

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23
Q

Method of retention that requires a person to reproduce information without cues

A

Recall (ex. person must memorize 10 words and write them down)

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24
Q

Method of retention that requires a person to select previously learned information from other options, typically yields higher scores than recall

A

Recognition

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25
Method of retention in which the person memorizes a second time to see how much time and effort is saved by learning before
Relearning
26
Chronological, dated recollections of personal experience
Episodic Memory (ex. first kiss)
27
Factual knowledge
Semantic Memory (ex. dog has 4 legs)
28
Memory of Factual information
Declarative Memory (this bike has a handlebar)
29
Memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, emotional memories
Nondeclarative Memory (how to ride a bike)
30
Types of amnesia
Retrograde: Loss of memories prior to injury Anterograde: Loss of memories after injury Both occur when the medial temporal area of the brain is destroyed
31
Difference in prospective and retrospective memory
Prospective: Remembering to perform future actions Retrospective: Remembering past events
32
The Testing Effect
Taking an exam on material increases performance on a later exam even more than studying for an equal amount of time
33
Abbreviation from initial letters of other words
Acronym (Ex. NFL, NASA)
34
Involves taking an imaginary walk along familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain places
Method of Loci
35
Is memory better after distributed or mass practice?
Distributed
36
Occurs when people's recall of an event is altered by misleading post-event information
Misinformation effect (this is reasoning behind why some people are skeptical of recovered memories)
37
What is overlearning
Continual rehearsal of material after mastery
38
Maintains that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Biopsychosocial model
39
What is health psychology?
The field of study that seeks to determine the importance of the psychological factors in illnesses as well as prevention and health maintenance
40
T/F Stress is subjective
True
41
Types of appraisal
Primary: Evaluation on if an event is relevant to you, relevant but not stressful, or threatening Secondary: Evaluation of your coping resources and options of dealing with stress
42
A circumstance that threatens or is perceived to threaten one's well-being and therefore taxes coping ability
Stress
43
Any situation in which pursuit of a goal is thwarted
Frustration (ex. traffic)
44
Noticeable alterations in one's living circumstances that require readjustment
Life Changes
45
Expectations or demands that one behave a certain way; pressure to perform or comply
Pressure
46
(Type of conflict) Person chooses between 2 attractive goals (pizza or a burger)
Approach-Approach
47
(Type of conflict) Choice made between two unattractive goals (unemployment or crappy job)
Avoidance-Avoidance
48
(Type of conflict) Choice made to pursue a goal with attractive and unattractive aspects (date someone but im afraid ill be rejected)
Approach-Avoidance
49
T/F Stress leads to impaired performance
True, it can depending on how a person handles it. However, for some, stress motivates.
50
(Stage of Stress) Occurs when an organism first recognizes existance of a threat
Alarm reaction
51
(Stage of Stress) Physiological arousal stabilizes at a high level and stress resistance is strong as coping efforts are underway
Stage of Resistance
52
(Stage of Stress) Physiological resources are repleted and stress resistance declines, can lead to exhaustion and physical disease
Stage of Exhaustion
53
What is neurogenesis
Formation of new neurons. If it's suppressed, it may cause depression
54
(Responses to stress) Any behavior that is intended to hurt someone, physically or verbally; can increase stress rather than relieve it
Aggression
55
(Responses to stress) Reduced impulse control (shopping addiction, binge eating)
Self-Indulgence
56
(Responses to stress) Passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events; blaming self; giving up
Learned Helplessness
57
(Responses to stress) Unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions
Defense Mechanisms
58
Relatively healthful behavioral efforts to deal with stressful events; 3 strategies
Constructive Coping 1) Changing cognitive appraisal of stressful events 2) Confronting problems directly 3) Learning to recognize and manage stress emotions more efficiently
59
What is burnout?
Physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, lowered sense of self-efficacy brought on by stress
60
Personalities of Type A and Type B
Type A: competitiveness, impatience, time urgency, anger and hostility (linked to coronary disease) Type B: relatively relaxed, patient, easy-going, amicable,
61
What is catastrophic thinking?
Blaming oneself, aggravates and perpetuates reactions to stress that cause problems. Results in negative self talk and depression)
62
3 stages of prenatal development
Germinal: 1st two weeks (involves rapid cell division, forms placenta) Embryo: 2 weeks-2 months (organs and bodily systems, vulnerability) Fetal: 2 months-birth
63
What is the placenta?
Structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes out to the mother
64
Children tend to gain control over upper part of bodies before lower part
Cephalocaudal
65
Children gain control over torsos before extemeties
Proximodistal
66
Unfolding of one's genetic blueprint, motor development depends on it
Maturation
67
3 styles of temperament
Easy, slow to warm up to, difficult
68
Observe one group of participants over a period of time
Longitudinal research design
69
Comparing groups of participants of differing age at a single point in time
Cross-sectional research design
70
Discovered that attachment was related to contact comfort, not food through monkey experiment
Harlow
71
3 types of attachment as described by Ainsworth
Secure: babies are more comfortable when mom is there Anxious-Ambivalent: Anxiety when mom is around, protest when she leaves, nor particularly comforted when she returns Avoidant: Seek little contact with mom, not distressed when she leaves or affected when she returns
72
Erickson's stages
Stage 1 (1st year of life): Trust v. Mistrust -If needs are met, produces optimistic, trusting attitude -Needs not met, distrusting, pessimistic attitude produced Stage 2 (year 2-3): Autonomy v. Shame -CAn I do things myself or rely on others -If parents never satisfied, child develops sense of shame and doubt Stage 3 (year 4-6): Initiative v. Guilt -Am I good or bad? Stage 4 (year 6-puberty): Industry v. Inferiority -Competent or worthless? -Feelings of competency emerge where productivity is valued
73
Piaget's Stages
Stage 1 (birth-2 years): Sensorimotor -Infants develop ability to coordinate sensory input with actions Stage 2(2-7 years): Preoperational -Unable to see other's viewpoints -Animism -Not mastered conservation Stage 3 (7-11 years): Concrete Operational -Decentration -Conservation Stage 4 (11-adult): Formal Operational Period -abstract concepts
74
Recognition that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
Object Permanence
75
Tendency to focus on one feature of a problem
Centration
76
Belief that everything is alive
Animism
77
Focus on more than one feature of a problem
Decentration
78
Awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in shape or appearance
Conservation
79
What did Vygotsky emphasize?
Social interaction and culture affects development. Development is more of an apprenticeship than a journey
80
Kohlberg's levels of development
Preconventional: External authority--Acts are good or bad depending on what is punished Conventional: Rules necessary for order--Acts good/bad depending on reward; laws absolute Postconventional: Acts judged on personal ethics code; abstract principles
81
Period between children and adulthood, not a thing in some culture
Adolescence
82
Last area of the brain to fully mature (results in risky behavior of teens)
Prefrontal cortex
83
4 Identity stages
1) Foreclosure: premature commitment to roles prescribed by parents 2) Moratorium: delaying commitment, engaging in experimentation with different roles 3) Diffusion: lack of direction and apathy, no confrontation to challenges or ideologies 4) Achievement: sense of self direction after consideration of alternate possibilities
84
marriage trends
People get married later now, probably due to more women going to school and having jobs. People feel like they have to be "financially stable" to be married
85
Effects of Aging on cognitive Function
Mental speed declines as you get older, intelligence remains stable for the most part. Crystallized intelligence never leaves.
86
Difference in men and women
Men are more visual-spatial learners, better at math | Women are more verbal/nonverbal

Psychology (7 decks)

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