Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Psychology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Psychology Exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

The stimulation of sense organs

A

Sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input

A

Perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The minimum stimulus intensity an organism can detect; its probability of detection is 50%

A

Absolute Threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Proposes that stimulus detection involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, both which are influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus intensity

A

Signal-Detection Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Registration of sensory input without conscious awareness

A

Subliminal (“Below the threshold”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation

A

Sensory adaptation (ex. garbage doesn’t smell after awhile)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(In vision) Determines the color you see

A

Wavelength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(In vision) Determines brightness (affects the color you see)

A

Amplitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

wavelengths humans can see

A

Visible Light Spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Light insects can see

A

Ultraviolet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Light fish and reptiles can see

A

Infrared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Regulates light in the eye

A

Pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where light enters the eye

A

Cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Receives light in the eye

A

Retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Focuses light on retina in eye

A

Lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Color of the eye, changes the size of the pupil

A

Iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Occurs when the eyeball is too long, makes distant objects blurry

A

Nearsightedness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Occurs when the eyeball is too short, makes close objects blurry

A

Farsightedness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Night vision

A

Rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Day and Color vision

A

Cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination

A

Dark Adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination

A

Light Adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Perception of form and color (in vision)

A

Ventral Stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Perception of motion and depth (in vision)

A

Dorsal Stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Inability to recognize objects

A

Visual Agnosia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Inability to recognize familiar faces

A

Prosopagnosia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Putting more light in a mixture than exists

A

Additive Color mixing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Removing wavelengths of light in a mixture

A

Subtractive Color mixing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

says that the human eye has 3 types of receptors sensitive to specific wavelengths associated with red, green, and blue

A

Trichromatic theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A drawing with 2 interpretations

A

Reversible Figure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Says the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

A

Gestalt Principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Creates a shift in how you interpret sensory input

A

Perceptual Set (both reversible figures and the gestalt principle are based on this)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What you see in the picture depends on what you see as the figure and what you see as the background

A

Figure-ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Things near eachother seem to belong to eachother

A

Proximity (ex. dots making up a block)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Person’s tendency to follow in the direction the eye is lead in

A

Continuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Viewers supply missing elements to complete a figure

A

Closure (ex. unfinished circle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Elements similar tend to be grouped together

A

Similarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Viewers arrange things in the simplest way possible

A

Simplicity (ex. a complex figure is really only a triangle and a rectangle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to 3 pairs of colors

A

Opponent Process Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession

A

Phi Phenomenon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

An object looks longer because of its location, but they are really both the same

A

Muller-Lyer illusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

(In Sound) Amplitude deals with

A

Loudness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

(In sound) Wavelength deals with

A

Pitch

44
Q

(In sound) Purity deals with

A

Timbre

45
Q

Difference in a supertaster and a nontaster

A

Supertasters are more sensitive to sweet and bitter food. They consume fewer high fat foods, but less vegetables. Nontasters are insensitive to strong tastes and have 1/4 as many taste buds per cm as a supertaster.

46
Q

4 primary tastes

A

Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Salty

47
Q

What happens to your sense of taste when you have a cold?

A

Food becomes bland because your stuffy nose influences your sense of smell

48
Q

2 competing theories for hearing

A

1) Pitch perception corresponds to vibration of different portions along the basilar membrane (Helmholtz)
2) Pitch perception corresponds to the rate at which the basilar membrane vibrates (Rutherford)

49
Q

People, objects, events, or other standards are used as baseline for comparisons in judgement making

A

Comparitors

50
Q

Technique where a persuader attempts to convince the other to comply by making a large first request

A

Door-in-the-face technique (ex. ask someone for $500 first, then ask for $50 and they are more likely to give it to you than they would be had you just asked for $50 first)

51
Q

Deals with being aware

A

Consciousness
(4 components are:)
1) Awareness of external events
2) Awareness of internal sensations
3) Awareness of self as unique and experiencing events
4) Awareness of thoughts about experiences

52
Q

Records brain waves and measures levels of consciousness

A

EEG

53
Q

4 different types of brain waves and what they mean

A

1) Alpha: Meditation, relaxation
2) Beta: Alert, problem-solving
3) Theta: Light sleep
4) Delta: Deep sleep

54
Q

Monitor the passage of time

A

Biological clock

55
Q

24 hour biological cycle important to sleep regulation; it produces variation sin alertness, temperature, and hormones

A

Circadian Rhythm

56
Q

T/F Circadian Rhythms persist even when time cues are eliminated

A

T, but it runs 24.2 hours without light because light exposure readjusts biological clocks

57
Q

How does melatonin deal with sleep?

A

It is a hormone secreted to adjust your biological clock, make you sleepy or alert, etc.

58
Q

the 5th stage of sleep where most dreams occur

A

REM sleep (rapid eye movement)

59
Q

Difference in sleep deprivation in young people and the elderly

A

The elderly need less sleep, but have increased nighttime awakenings and wake up early in the morning. Young adults are more sleepy during the day, don’t get enough sleep usually

60
Q

Effects of sleep deprivation

A

Impaired attention, slowed reaction time, slow cognitive speed, slow accuracy, slowed motor skills, slowed decision making, obesity, diabetes, hypertension

61
Q

Frequent, reflexive gasping for air that disrupts sleep

A

Sleep apnea

62
Q

Sleep-walking

A

Somnabulism

63
Q

Trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or early morning awakenings

A

Insomnia

64
Q

Mental experiences in REM sleep based on vivid imagery

A

Dreams (not always in REM, some people are aware of dreams, but most often not)

65
Q

People fulfill unconscious urges and unmet needs in dreams (Theory by Freud)

A

Wish-Fulfillment

66
Q

Cartwright’s belief that dreams allow people to engage in thinking about solving problems

A

Problem-Solving

67
Q

Hobson’s belief that dreams are side-effects of neural activation seen in REM sleep

A

Activation Synthesis

68
Q

Systematic procedure typically producing heightened states of suggestibility as well as relaxation, narrowed attention, and enhanced fantasy (some say this is just role-playing)

A

Hypnosis

69
Q

2 types of meditation

A

Focused Attention: Attention focused on specific object to clear the mind
Open Monitoring: Attention to experiences to become detached observer in one’s thoughts, feelings

Effects of Meditation: Lowers heart rate, relaxes EEG, more theta and alpha waves

70
Q

Occurs when a person must have a drug or has physical illness (ex. withdrawals)

A

Physical Dependency

71
Q

Occurs when a person must have a drug or has mental cravings (“ I neeeeed it”)

A

Psychological Dependency

72
Q

Occurs when the body no longer responds to the drug and needs a greater amount

A

Tolerance

73
Q

Includes opiates, pain relievers; produces a “who cares” attitude

A

Narcotics

74
Q

Drug that Decreases brain activity

A

Sedative

75
Q

Produces an “I can conquer the world” attitude, damages the brain’s ability to create; deals with neurons ability to create its own dopamine and norepinephrine

A

Stimulants (Ex. caffeine, nicotine, amphetamine, cocaine)

76
Q

Drug that results in mild euphoria and enhanced sensory awareness; no research on physical dependence yet, but does cause psychological dependnece

A

Cannabis

77
Q

Results in many medical issues such as liver disease, malnutrition, brain damage, neurological disorders, heart disease, stroke, hypertension, ulcers, cancer, and birth defects

A

Alchohol

78
Q

Any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge due to experience

A

Learning

79
Q

In Pavlov’s Experiment, what was the neutral stimulus

A

The bell

80
Q

In Pavlov’s Experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus

A

The meat powder

81
Q

In Pavlov’s Experiment, what was the conditioned stimulus

A

The bell

82
Q

In Pavlov’s Experiment, what was the unconditioned response

A

Dog drooling over meat

83
Q

In Pavlov’s Experiment, what was the conditioned response

A

Dog drooling at bell

84
Q

Changes in liking of a stimulus that results from pairing that stimulus with another positive or negative stimulus

A

Evaluative Conditioning (ex. sex in a jeans commercial)

85
Q

Initial stage of learning something

A

Acquisition

86
Q

Occurs when the association between the Unconditioned Stimulus and the Conditioned Stimulus is broken

A

Extinction

87
Q

When a response is extinguished in a different environment than the place it was acquired, the response will reappear when returned to original environment

A

Renewal Effect (ex. act like a child when you go home)

88
Q

Occurs when the Conditioned Stimulus functions as an unconditioned stimulus

A

Higher-order conditioning (ex. when you see a police car you get antsy even if you’re going under the speed limit because you link the police car to getting a ticket)

89
Q

Occurs when the Conditioned Stimulus elicits a Conditioned Response even when there is a period of time between trials

A

Spontaneous Recovery

90
Q

The difference in stimulus generalization and discrimination

A

G: every nurse is bad
D: only the nurse who gave me the shot is bad

91
Q

What happened to poor Little Albert

A

Watson conditioned him to fear a rat and he generalized his fear and was afraid of all things furry and white

92
Q

Form of learning in which responses are controlled by consquences

A

Operant Conditioning

93
Q

Difference in primary and secondary reinforcers

A

P: linked with biological needs (food, sleep, sex, water)
S: Acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcer (ex. grades, money, applause)

94
Q

Necessary when organisms don’t emit the desired response on its own

A

Shaping (ex. having to reinforce the rat as it gets closer to the lever)

95
Q

Every instance of designated response is reinforced

A

Continuous Reinforcement

96
Q

Designated response only reinforced some of the time

A

Intermittent Reinforcement

97
Q

Difference in fixed and variable ratios

A

Fixed: you get reinforced after a fixed number of times
Variable: You get reinforced after a variable number of times (ex. slot machines)

98
Q

Difference in fixed and variable intervals

A

Fixed: Reinforced after fixed amount of time
Variable: Reinforced after variable amount of time

99
Q

Response strengthened due to rewarding stimulus

A

Positive Reinforcement

100
Q

Response strengthened due to individual being able to avoid/escape bad situation

A

Negative Reinforcement (ex. rat pushes lever to avoid shock)

101
Q

Difference in escape and avoidance

A

Both aversive conditioning
Escape: ex. leave party
Avoidance: ex. don’t go to parties

102
Q

Event following a response that weakens the tendency of the response

A

Punishment

103
Q

Occurs when an organism’s response is influenced by the observation of others

A

Observational Learning

104
Q

Says that learning is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs (you can learn without reinforcements)

A

Latent Learning

105
Q

Desensitization

A

People show muted reactions to real violence (ex. media violence desensitizes people to effects of violence)

106
Q

Operant Conditioning vs. Classical Conditioning

A

In operant conditioning, learning refers to changes in behavior as a result of experiences that occur after a response. (Skinner)
In classical conditioning, learning refers to involuntary responses that result from experiences that occur before a response. (Pavlov)

107
Q

**Pg. 154 pictures*

A

**

Psychology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions