Psychology Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
The stimulation of sense organs
A
Sensation
2
Q
The selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input
A
Perception
3
Q
The minimum stimulus intensity an organism can detect; its probability of detection is 50%
A
Absolute Threshold
4
Q
Proposes that stimulus detection involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, both which are influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus intensity
A
Signal-Detection Theory
5
Q
Registration of sensory input without conscious awareness
A
Subliminal (“Below the threshold”)
6
Q
Gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation
A
Sensory adaptation (ex. garbage doesn’t smell after awhile)
7
Q
(In vision) Determines the color you see
A
Wavelength
8
Q
(In vision) Determines brightness (affects the color you see)
A
Amplitude
9
Q
wavelengths humans can see
A
Visible Light Spectrum
10
Q
Light insects can see
A
Ultraviolet
11
Q
Light fish and reptiles can see
A
Infrared
12
Q
Regulates light in the eye
A
Pupil
13
Q
Where light enters the eye
A
Cornea
14
Q
Receives light in the eye
A
Retina
15
Q
Focuses light on retina in eye
A
Lens
16
Q
Color of the eye, changes the size of the pupil
A
Iris
17
Q
Occurs when the eyeball is too long, makes distant objects blurry
A
Nearsightedness
18
Q
Occurs when the eyeball is too short, makes close objects blurry
A
Farsightedness
19
Q
Night vision
A
Rods
20
Q
Day and Color vision
A
Cones
21
Q
Eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination
A
Dark Adaptation
22
Q
Eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination
A
Light Adaptation
23
Q
Perception of form and color (in vision)
A
Ventral Stream
24
Q
Perception of motion and depth (in vision)
A
Dorsal Stream
25
Inability to recognize objects
Visual Agnosia
26
Inability to recognize familiar faces
Prosopagnosia
27
Putting more light in a mixture than exists
Additive Color mixing
28
Removing wavelengths of light in a mixture
Subtractive Color mixing
29
says that the human eye has 3 types of receptors sensitive to specific wavelengths associated with red, green, and blue
Trichromatic theory
30
A drawing with 2 interpretations
Reversible Figure
31
Says the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Gestalt Principle
32
Creates a shift in how you interpret sensory input
Perceptual Set (both reversible figures and the gestalt principle are based on this)
33
What you see in the picture depends on what you see as the figure and what you see as the background
Figure-ground
34
Things near eachother seem to belong to eachother
Proximity (ex. dots making up a block)
35
Person's tendency to follow in the direction the eye is lead in
Continuity
36
Viewers supply missing elements to complete a figure
Closure (ex. unfinished circle)
37
Elements similar tend to be grouped together
Similarity
38
Viewers arrange things in the simplest way possible
Simplicity (ex. a complex figure is really only a triangle and a rectangle)
39
Color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to 3 pairs of colors
Opponent Process Theory
40
Illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession
Phi Phenomenon
41
An object looks longer because of its location, but they are really both the same
Muller-Lyer illusion
42
(In Sound) Amplitude deals with
Loudness
43
(In sound) Wavelength deals with
Pitch
44
(In sound) Purity deals with
Timbre
45
Difference in a supertaster and a nontaster
Supertasters are more sensitive to sweet and bitter food. They consume fewer high fat foods, but less vegetables. Nontasters are insensitive to strong tastes and have 1/4 as many taste buds per cm as a supertaster.
46
4 primary tastes
Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Salty
47
What happens to your sense of taste when you have a cold?
Food becomes bland because your stuffy nose influences your sense of smell
48
2 competing theories for hearing
1) Pitch perception corresponds to vibration of different portions along the basilar membrane (Helmholtz)
2) Pitch perception corresponds to the rate at which the basilar membrane vibrates (Rutherford)
49
People, objects, events, or other standards are used as baseline for comparisons in judgement making
Comparitors
50
Technique where a persuader attempts to convince the other to comply by making a large first request
Door-in-the-face technique (ex. ask someone for $500 first, then ask for $50 and they are more likely to give it to you than they would be had you just asked for $50 first)
51
Deals with being aware
Consciousness
(4 components are:)
1) Awareness of external events
2) Awareness of internal sensations
3) Awareness of self as unique and experiencing events
4) Awareness of thoughts about experiences
52
Records brain waves and measures levels of consciousness
EEG
53
4 different types of brain waves and what they mean
1) Alpha: Meditation, relaxation
2) Beta: Alert, problem-solving
3) Theta: Light sleep
4) Delta: Deep sleep
54
Monitor the passage of time
Biological clock
55
24 hour biological cycle important to sleep regulation; it produces variation sin alertness, temperature, and hormones
Circadian Rhythm
56
T/F Circadian Rhythms persist even when time cues are eliminated
T, but it runs 24.2 hours without light because light exposure readjusts biological clocks
57
How does melatonin deal with sleep?
It is a hormone secreted to adjust your biological clock, make you sleepy or alert, etc.
58
the 5th stage of sleep where most dreams occur
REM sleep (rapid eye movement)
59
Difference in sleep deprivation in young people and the elderly
The elderly need less sleep, but have increased nighttime awakenings and wake up early in the morning. Young adults are more sleepy during the day, don't get enough sleep usually
60
Effects of sleep deprivation
Impaired attention, slowed reaction time, slow cognitive speed, slow accuracy, slowed motor skills, slowed decision making, obesity, diabetes, hypertension
61
Frequent, reflexive gasping for air that disrupts sleep
Sleep apnea
62
Sleep-walking
Somnabulism
63
Trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or early morning awakenings
Insomnia
64
Mental experiences in REM sleep based on vivid imagery
Dreams (not always in REM, some people are aware of dreams, but most often not)
65
People fulfill unconscious urges and unmet needs in dreams (Theory by Freud)
Wish-Fulfillment
66
Cartwright's belief that dreams allow people to engage in thinking about solving problems
Problem-Solving
67
Hobson's belief that dreams are side-effects of neural activation seen in REM sleep
Activation Synthesis
68
Systematic procedure typically producing heightened states of suggestibility as well as relaxation, narrowed attention, and enhanced fantasy (some say this is just role-playing)
Hypnosis
69
2 types of meditation
Focused Attention: Attention focused on specific object to clear the mind
Open Monitoring: Attention to experiences to become detached observer in one's thoughts, feelings
Effects of Meditation: Lowers heart rate, relaxes EEG, more theta and alpha waves
70
Occurs when a person must have a drug or has physical illness (ex. withdrawals)
Physical Dependency
71
Occurs when a person must have a drug or has mental cravings (" I neeeeed it")
Psychological Dependency
72
Occurs when the body no longer responds to the drug and needs a greater amount
Tolerance
73
Includes opiates, pain relievers; produces a "who cares" attitude
Narcotics
74
Drug that Decreases brain activity
Sedative
75
Produces an "I can conquer the world" attitude, damages the brain's ability to create; deals with neurons ability to create its own dopamine and norepinephrine
Stimulants (Ex. caffeine, nicotine, amphetamine, cocaine)
76
Drug that results in mild euphoria and enhanced sensory awareness; no research on physical dependence yet, but does cause psychological dependnece
Cannabis
77
Results in many medical issues such as liver disease, malnutrition, brain damage, neurological disorders, heart disease, stroke, hypertension, ulcers, cancer, and birth defects
Alchohol
78
Any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge due to experience
Learning
79
In Pavlov's Experiment, what was the neutral stimulus
The bell
80
In Pavlov's Experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus
The meat powder
81
In Pavlov's Experiment, what was the conditioned stimulus
The bell
82
In Pavlov's Experiment, what was the unconditioned response
Dog drooling over meat
83
In Pavlov's Experiment, what was the conditioned response
Dog drooling at bell
84
Changes in liking of a stimulus that results from pairing that stimulus with another positive or negative stimulus
Evaluative Conditioning (ex. sex in a jeans commercial)
85
Initial stage of learning something
Acquisition
86
Occurs when the association between the Unconditioned Stimulus and the Conditioned Stimulus is broken
Extinction
87
When a response is extinguished in a different environment than the place it was acquired, the response will reappear when returned to original environment
Renewal Effect (ex. act like a child when you go home)
88
Occurs when the Conditioned Stimulus functions as an unconditioned stimulus
Higher-order conditioning (ex. when you see a police car you get antsy even if you're going under the speed limit because you link the police car to getting a ticket)
89
Occurs when the Conditioned Stimulus elicits a Conditioned Response even when there is a period of time between trials
Spontaneous Recovery
90
The difference in stimulus generalization and discrimination
G: every nurse is bad
D: only the nurse who gave me the shot is bad
91
What happened to poor Little Albert
Watson conditioned him to fear a rat and he generalized his fear and was afraid of all things furry and white
92
Form of learning in which responses are controlled by consquences
Operant Conditioning
93
Difference in primary and secondary reinforcers
P: linked with biological needs (food, sleep, sex, water)
S: Acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcer (ex. grades, money, applause)
94
Necessary when organisms don't emit the desired response on its own
Shaping (ex. having to reinforce the rat as it gets closer to the lever)
95
Every instance of designated response is reinforced
Continuous Reinforcement
96
Designated response only reinforced some of the time
Intermittent Reinforcement
97
Difference in fixed and variable ratios
Fixed: you get reinforced after a fixed number of times
Variable: You get reinforced after a variable number of times (ex. slot machines)
98
Difference in fixed and variable intervals
Fixed: Reinforced after fixed amount of time
Variable: Reinforced after variable amount of time
99
Response strengthened due to rewarding stimulus
Positive Reinforcement
100
Response strengthened due to individual being able to avoid/escape bad situation
Negative Reinforcement (ex. rat pushes lever to avoid shock)
101
Difference in escape and avoidance
Both aversive conditioning
Escape: ex. leave party
Avoidance: ex. don't go to parties
102
Event following a response that weakens the tendency of the response
Punishment
103
Occurs when an organism's response is influenced by the observation of others
Observational Learning
104
Says that learning is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs (you can learn without reinforcements)
Latent Learning
105
Desensitization
People show muted reactions to real violence (ex. media violence desensitizes people to effects of violence)
106
Operant Conditioning vs. Classical Conditioning
In operant conditioning, learning refers to changes in behavior as a result of experiences that occur after a response. (Skinner)
In classical conditioning, learning refers to involuntary responses that result from experiences that occur before a response. (Pavlov)
107
**Pg. 154 pictures*
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