psychology exam #3 Flashcards
personality
the consistency we see in personal behavior patterns
temperament
natural part of your personality that comes from your genes
character
both a natural component of personality and one you learn
the big 5 personality factors
- openness to experience
- conscientiousness
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism (anxiety, depression, self- doubt)
humanistic perspective of personality
personal growth
Gordon Allport
humanistic cardinal, central, and secondary traits
Raymond B. Catte II
- humanistic
- 16 PF personality test
- surface traits
- source traits
behaviorist perspective of personality
personality is result of learned behavior patterns in environment
John Watson
psychoanalytic perspective of personality
personality results from unconscious urges and desires
Freud: id, superego, ego
Jung: collective unconscious, archetypes
conscious
everything you are aware of at a given moment thoughts, feelings, perceptions
preconscious
contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved
unconscious
a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. the id operates on the pleasure principles, demanding immediate gratification
superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
- comes from parents/caregivers
ego
the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. the ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
social learning perspective of personality
people observe behavior either directly through social interactions with others or indirectly by observing behaviors through media. actions that are rewarded are more likely to be imitated, while those that are punished are voided
psychopathology
study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders
- abnormality, non conformity, and normality
mood disorders
a mental health problem that primarily affects a person’s emotional state; a person experiences long periods of extreme happiness, extreme sadness or both
mania
elevated mood; impulsive; little sleep
major depression
depressed mood
bipolar 1
full manic and major depressive episodes
hypomania
elevated mood that is less intense than full mania; functionable
dysthymia
a milder affective disorder characterized by chronic depression
cyclothymia
disorder that consists of mood swings from dysthymia to hypomania and last two years or more
bipolar !!
a type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes
psychotic disorder
disruptions to a person’s thoughts and perceptions that make it difficult for them to recognize what is real and what is not
hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking/speech, diminished emotional expression, lack of motivation
delusional disorder
made up of delusions
brief psychotic disorder
psychotic disturbance involving delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior but lasting less than 1 month; often occurs in reaction to a stressor
schizophrenoform disorder
experienced symptoms of schizophrenia for only a few months then resumes normal life
schizophrenia
a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression
schizoaffective disorder
psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and major mood disorder
anxiety disorders
-phobias
-panic disorders
-PTSD
-trauma and stressor related
-OCD
obsessions
persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress
compulsions
repetitive behaviors
personality disorders
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
borderline personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by disturbances in identity, in affect, and impulse control
psychotherapy
bring about positive changes in personality, behavior, or personal adjustment
core features of psychology
- therapy provides a therapeutic alliance
- therapy offers a protected setting in which emotional catharsis can take place
- all therapies to some extent offer an explanation or rationale for the client’s suffering
- therapy provides clients with a new perspective about themselves & their situations & a chance to practice new behaviors
types of therapy
- individual v. group
- insight v. action
- directive v. nondirective
- open ended v. time limited
- face to face v. distance
insight therapy
any therapy that stresses the importance of understanding the origins of a psychological disorder, usually unresolved unconscious conflicts
action therapies
therapies in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly
any therapy that stresses directly changing troublesome thoughts and/or behaviors without regard for their organs
directive therapy
any therapy that stresses the need for the therapist to lead the patient toward a resolution of his or her psychological distress
non directive therapy
a type of therapy in which the client rather than the therapist is encouraged to take the lead
brief psychodynamic therapy
self- awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior; designed to produce insights more quickly
modern of psychoanalytic behavior
interpersonal psychotherapy
a brief dynamic psychotherapy designed to help people by improving their relationships with other people
group therapy
psychological treatment involving several unrelated clients
psychodrama
clients act out personal conflicts and feelings in the presence of others who play supporting roles
role reversal
taking the role of another person o learn how one’s behavior appears from the other person’s perspective
mirror technique
observing another person reenact one’s own behavior appears from the other person’s perspective
behavior therapy
any therapy designed to actively change behavior
aversion therapy
treatment to reduce unwanted behavior by pairing it with an unpleasant stimulus
response- contingent shock
shocks that are linked to a response
exposure therapy
alleviating fears and phobias (conditioned emotional responses) by causing classical conditioning extinction
systematic desensitization
a guided reduction in fear, anxiety, or aversion attached by gradually approaching a fear stimulus while maintaining relaxation
tension-release method
a procedure for systematically achieving deep elation of the body
reciprocal inhibition
presence of one emotional state can inhibit the occurrence of another, such as joy preventing fear or anxiety inhibiting pleasure
vicarious desensitization
a reduction in fear or anxiety that takes place vicariously (“secondhand”) when a client watches models perform the feared behavior
virtual reality exposure
use of computer generated images to present fear stimuli. the virtual environment responds to a viewer’s head movements and other inputs
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
holding upsetting thoughts in the mind while rapidly moving the eyes from side to side to reduce fear or anxiety
humanistic therapies
insight therapies intended to help clients gain deeper understanding of their thoughts, emotions, and behavior
cognitive therapies
tend to be action- oriented; less concerned with insight than with helping people change problematic thinking patterns
treatment of emotional and behavioral problems by changing maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, and feelings
client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by carl rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate client’s growth (also called person-centered therapy) non directive
existential therapy
focuses on the elemental problems of existence such as death, meaning choice and. responsibility; emphasizes making courageous life choices, helps clients discover self-imposed limitations in personal identity
logo therapy
developed by Frankl, this brand of existential therapy literally means “healing through reason”
it focuses on challenging clients to search for meaning to life
gestalt therapy
has the goal of helping the client become aware if his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to “own” or take responsibility for them
gaps in experience
shying away from expressing or “owning” upsetting feelings; creates a gap in self awareness that may become a barrier to personal growth
cognitive behavioral therapy
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
thought stopping
the use of aversive stimuli to interrupt or prevent upsetting thoughts
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
designed to identify and change self defeating thoughts
somatic therapy
any bodily therapy, such as drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, or psychosurgery
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized
