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PSY100 > Psychology Disorders & Treatment > Flashcards

Psychology Disorders & Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

Misconceptions & Controversies: The medical model

A

focus on bio causes, views abnormal behaviour as disease •problems + limitations
•Still maybe most dominant model
•Relied on supernatural explanations
•Medical model helped ppl get treated better
•Stigma seems to be getting worse
•Doesn’t take into considerations the other factors

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2
Q

Stereotypes of Psychological Disorders

A

–Psychological disorders incurable
–violent + dangerous
–behave in bizarre ways + very different from normal ppl
•Once diagnosed – always gonna have label
•Vast majority can be successfully treated + a lot of the time temporary
•most extreme cases of mental illness: we use availability heuristic
•Incredibly small minority engage in criminal acts
•Touches everyone: most of the time you have no idea

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3
Q

criteria do psychologists use to determine whether someone’s behaviour is normal/abnormal?

A

–Deviance: in terms of norms for that culture
•Deviant in 1 culture, normal in another
–Maladaptive behaviour: harmful for person
–Personal distress: behaviour must interfere with at least one aspect of the person’s life (relationship, emotional well-being, workplace)
•Our understanding of abnormal behaviour + mental illness is also constantly evolving: Homosexuality was a disorder until 1974 + Drake domania
•Hard to tell whether its normal/abnormal
•Hysteria –exclusive to W

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4
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

Diagnostic model proposes disorder may develop when underlying vulnerability + precipitating event
•Diathesis: vulnerability, genetic predisposistion
•Doesn’t have to be biological: can be childhood trauma
•Stress: hard time, stressful circumstances

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5
Q

Family systems model

A

emphasis on social context (family)

how relationships contributing

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6
Q

Socio-cultural model

A

emphasis on interaction between individual + culture
–anorexia nervosa
certain disorders more likely to occur in certain socioeconomic status, subcultural you grow up in

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7
Q

Cognitive-behavioural approach

A

emphasis on maladaptive thoughts + beliefs that the individual has learned
–#1 treatment, focus on cognitive (thoughts) + behaviours
•replace those behaviours with functional ones

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8
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV): Multiaxial system

A

–Axis I: Clinical disorders - come + go, easier to treat - schizophrenia, childhood disorders, depression
–Axis II: Personality disorders & mental retardation - lasting longer - antisocial personality disorder
–Axis III: General medical conditions - Alzheimer’s, obesity

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9
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV): Multiaxial system

A

–Axis IV: Psychosocial/environ problems - what’s going in person’s life - unemployment, divorce, poverty
–Axis V: Global assessment of functioning - how are they doing in general - Scale from 1 to 100
DSM-5 dropped the multiaxial system: Intellectual disorders looked at together

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10
Q

Assessment

A

examining mental state to diagnose + treat possible psychological disorders
•Evaluating them

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11
Q

evidence-based assessment

A

use research rather than gut feeling
•probability, what research says, what treatment is most effective
comorbidity: if you have 1 there’s an increased likelihood you have another one as well
•Are they suffering from these other mental disorders

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12
Q

Psychotherapy

A

formal psychological treatment
–Always involve interactions between practitioner + client: importance of finding the right therapist - trust, believe it’s gonna work

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13
Q

Treatment

A

Increased understanding of the causes of a mental disorder does not necessarily lead to more effective treatment strategies
•Can’t assign a catch all treatment to whole disorder = Need to consider personal circumstances

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14
Q

Psychodynamic therapy (Freud)

A

–Psychoanalysis
–Insight: Increase patient’s understanding of own psychological processes/where conflict coming from
–less common
•Unconscious conflict gives rise to symptoms
•Free association: whatever comes to mind
•dream analysis: Meaning from dreams
•Minimize role of therapist

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15
Q

Client-centered therapy (Rogers):

A

–Safe + comfortable setting, empathy, reflective
listening
–Encouragement of personal growth through self- understanding
•Client being listened to, accepted, not judged
•Reflective listening: repeating so they know you’re listening

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16
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

–Attempts to modify thought patterns in order to eliminate maladaptive behaviours + emotion
–Cognitive restructuring

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17
Q

Behavioural therapy

A

–maladaptive behaviours learned conditioning + can be ‘unlearned’ in same way
–Behaviour modification: effective for autism
•Reinforce positive + ignore/punish negative

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18
Q

Psychotropic medication

A

Drugs that affect mental processes
–Anti-anxiety drugs: Short-term treatment of anxiety - increase GABA activity
tranquilizers – negative side effects

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19
Q

Psychotropic medication

A

–Antidepressants: SSRI - increase serotonin levels

–Antipsychotics (neuroleptics): Block dopamine, reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia

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20
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A
  • excessive anxiety in absence of true danger
  • Very common: 1/4 ppl
  • Common symptoms: autonomic system arousal, worry/anxiety/tenseness, restlessness, excessive startle response
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21
Q

Phobic disorder

A

–Specific phobias: specific object/scenarios
–Social phobia
–Agoraphobia can have panic attacks
•Illogical level

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22
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

–Hypervigilance
•Chronic sense of anxiety
•High alert
•Excessive anxiety

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23
Q

Panic disorder

A

–fear of having panic attacks
•All associated with autonomic nervous system
•blood injury injection phobia: sympathetic nervous, take blood, bp drops after get raised

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24
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

–Obsessions vs. compulsions
-OCD no longer grouped with the anxiety disorders
Obsessions: thoughts
•Compulsions: things done to deal with thoughts

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25
Q

Causes: Cognitive factors

A

–Attention to + perception of threat
•Ambiguous stimuli (At the meeting contribution elicits reactions
•Can contribute, not necessarily does
•Cognitive: seeing threat

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26
Q

Causes: Situational/Environmental factors

A

–Learning (OCD): Learn to do compulsions

–Streptococcal infection (OCD): present symptoms similar to OCD

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27
Q

Causes: Biological factors

A

–Inhibited temperamental style: tends to lead to shyness in adulthood can lead to anxiety disorder
•Threat detector overactive – increased amygdala response
–Genetics (OCD runs in families)
–Abnormal brain activity: Caudate – basal ganglia – smaller + react abnormaly in OCD – impulse control

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28
Q

Treatment: Phobic disorder

A

Behavioural techniques treatment of choice for specific phobias
–Systematic desensitization therapy: Fear hierarchy, relaxation training, exposure therapy
•Hier – list diff scenario + order

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29
Q

Treatment: Anxiety Disorders

A

Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT):
–correct faulty thinking + change maladaptive behaviours
• Cognitive restructuring, exposure & response prevention (ERP)
•Exposure therapy

30
Q

Mood Disorders: Dysthymia

A

–“Depressed mood most of the day, more days

than not, for at least two years”

31
Q

Mood Disorders: Major Depression

A

–Common cold of mental disorders

so common particularly in W

32
Q

Mood Disorders: Bipolar disorder

A

–Alternating periods of depression + mania
–Manic episodes: elevated mood, increased activity, diminished need for sleep, grandiose ideas, racing thoughts, + extreme distractibility

33
Q

Causes: Cognitive factors

A

–cognitive triad: selves, situation, future
–Learned helplessness model: just give up, learning nothing you do has consequences so you just give up
•Low effecacy

34
Q

Causes: Situational/Environmental factors

A

–Life stressors, particularly interpersonal loss

35
Q

Causes: Biological factors

A

–Genetics
–Monoamine deficiency (serotonin)
–Biological rhythms: circadian rhythms – SAD

36
Q

Treatment: Depression

A

–no “best” way, many effective approaches available
• Antidepressants: help alleviate pain
• Cognitive-behavioural therapy: for long term

37
Q

Treatment: Depression

A

–Alternative treatments include phototherapy, exercise, electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, + deep brain stimulation
•Best treatment is medication + CBT

38
Q

Treatment: Bipolar Disorder

A

–Lithium (mania): not understood, they want to feel high, don’t wanna take medication, lot of artists suffer from bipolar, most creative

39
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

administering strong electrical current to brain

•ECT last resort, not responding to CBT, medication

40
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

electrical current in the brain region directly below coil

left prefrontal – less active

41
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

A

implanting electrodes within certain parts of the brain

pace maker – everynow + then sends stimulation, shown to be successful, also used for OCD

42
Q

Schizophrenia

A

alterations in perceptions, emotions, thoughts/consciousness
DSM-5: Subtypes have been removed: Useless subtypes
•Psychotic – abnormal thought patterns

43
Q

Schizophrenia: subtypes

A 
–Paranoid type 
–Disorganized type 
–Catatonic type 
–Undifferentiated type 
–Residual type
44
Q

Schizophrenia: Positive symptoms

A

Excesses in behaviour
–Delusions: False personal beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality
–Hallucinations: False sensory experiences

45
Q

Schizophrenia: Positive symptoms

A

–Loosening of associations: Speech pattern in which thoughts are disorganized/meaningless – gibberish
–Disorganized behaviour: Acting in strange ways – deviant behaviour

46
Q

Schizophrenia: Negative symptoms

A 
Deficits in functioning; includes behaviours such as:
–Isolation, withdrawal
–Apathy
–Blunted emotion
–Slowed, monotonous speech + movement
47
Q

Schizophrenia: Negative symptoms

A

•more difficult to treat than positive symptoms; different underlying causes
no emotion, weird speech + movement
•Positive respond to treatment easier

48
Q

Schizophrenia: Causes

A
  • Genetic component: brain disorder: enlarged ventricles - Lack of brain matter
  • Missing white matter: brain matter responsible sensory perceptions, motor control
  • Environmental stress: cultural frequently in lower socioeconomic classes
  • Most often from cities
49
Q

Schizophrenia: Treatment

A

•Pharmacological treatments most effective
–Antipsychotics haloperidol + chlorpromazine revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia: get rid of positive symptoms
•Little to no effect on negative symptoms
•Significant side effects: tardive dyskinesia - no cure, motor impairment – ticking

50
Q

Schizophrenia: Treatment

A

–Clozapine: Acts on numerous neurotransmitter receptors + treats negative symptoms, no signs of motor impairment, – -Social skills training, intensive form of CBT – learning social interactions

51
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

•Controversial disorder part of a broader group of dissociative disorders
–Some suggest it should be included as a type of PTSD

52
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A
  • Dissociative: breakdown of memory/awareness
  • Extreme personality shifts
  • Stanford prison experiment: see how ppl were treated
  • We’re capable of extreme shifts in personality given circumstances
53
Q

Personality Disorders

A
  • interacting with the world in maladaptive + inflexible ways, for long time, resulting in social/work problems + personal distress
  • Usually last throughout lifespan with no expectation of significant change (Axis II)
54
Q

Personality Disorders: three groups

A

–Odd/Eccentric Behaviour: like positive symptoms of schizo
–Dramatic/Emotional/Erratic Behaviour: borderline, antisocial
–Anxious/Fearful Behaviour: similar to anxiety disorder
•Harder to treat, doesn’t mean incurrable

55
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

disturbances in identity, affect + impulse control
•Identity: Lack a strong sense of self, fear abandonment, can be very manipulative in attempts to control relationships
•More common in W

56
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A
  • Affect: Profound emotional instability
  • Impulsivity: Self-mutilation most common, also sexual promiscuity, physical fighting, binge eating + purging
  • Need at least 5 symptoms
  • Borderline: borderline betw normal + psychotic behaviour
57
Q

Borderline personality disorder – Causes

A
  • Biological factors: Genetics, serotonin

* Environmental factors: Abuse, trauma, relationship with caregivers

58
Q

Anti-social personality disorder (APD)

A 
–lack of empathy + remorse
–More common in M
–Psychopaths: most extreme version of APD - superficially charming + rational, insincere, unsocial, incapable of love, lacking insight, shameless
•Common in prison
•Hedonistic
59
Q

Anti-social personality disorder (APD) – Causes

A

Biological factors:lower levels of arousal, lack of fear/anxiety, amygdala abnormalities, deficits in frontal lobe functioning = lack of foresight
–Genetics more important for psychopathy

60
Q

Anti-social personality disorder (APD) – Causes

A

Situational/Environmental factors: low socio- economic status, dysfunctional families, childhood abuse

61
Q

Treatment: Borderline personality disorder

A

notoriously difficult to treat
–Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)
-psychodynamic, cognitive + behavioural component
•1st stage: change behaviour
•2nd: psychodynamic – understand background, insight
•3rd: addressing maladaptive thoughts

62
Q

Treatment: Anti-social personality disorder

A

–Problems with treatment: no desire to get treatment, just manipulate
•superficially charming
–Prognosis: subsides with age

63
Q

Childhood Disorders

A

usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood/adolescence
–Very wide-ranging
–Need to be considered within the context of
normal childhood development – Assessment can be challenging
DSM-5: No longer a separate chapter
•might persist into adulthood
•selective mutism

64
Q

Autism/Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

DSM-5: Now Autism spectrum disorder
-developmental disorder involving deficits in social interaction, impaired communication + restricted interests
•nothing suggests it’s more frequent
•more likely to be diagnosed, more likely to recognize symptoms

65
Q

Asperger’s syndrome

A

form in which children have deficits in social interaction + theory of mind, but don’t show the same impairments in linguistic/cognitive development + normal IQ
DSM-5: No longer a distinct diagnosis, instead falls under autism spectrum disorder

66
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder: Core symptoms

A

1)Unaware of others: lack of eye contact, smiling
2)Deficits in communication: echolalia, pronoun reversal
3)Restricted activities + interests: repetitive play + behaviour, interested in nonsocial objects
•Any changes to routine/settings extremely upsetting

67
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder: Causes

A

–Primarily biological; hereditary component
–Pre-natal/neo-natal events may result in brain dysfunction: breathing probs, heart probs, overgrowth/undergrowth pattern of brain development
•2-5 grows large then stops growing
–Promising new research: oxytocin research

68
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder: Treatment

A

–Applied behavioural analysis (ABA): intensive treatment based on the principles of operant conditioning
•40 hours/week: Huge time commitment, financially + emotionally draining
•when done right, can have big results
•Not something all parents can do
•Reward positive behaviour

69
Q

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A

•restless, inattentive + impulsive behaviours

–Behavioural profiles vary greatly, causes may vary greatly as well

70
Q

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A

Biological factors: connection between frontal lobe + limbic system, abnormal activation of prefrontal regions, basal ganglia
•30-80% of children diagnosed with ADHD continue to show symptoms in adulthood: may lead to academic + employment struggles

71
Q

ADHD: Treatment

A

Ritalin (methylphenidate): stimulant without them having to engage in hyperactivity
–Decreases overactivity + increases attention
•Side-effects: sleep problems, loss of appetite, etc.
•Limbic system: subcortical
•Overdiagnosed
•Extra issues of kids on drugs

72
Q

Summary

A
  • Importance of taking a holistic perspective, examining + treating the person within context
  • Importance of evidence-based assessment + treatment
  • Importance of patient beliefs + trust in the treatment provider (i.e., therapist)

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