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PSY100 > Personality & Social Psych > Flashcards

Personality & Social Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

characteristic thoughts, emotional responses + behaviours relatively stable over time + across circumstances

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2
Q

Strong Situations

A

-Powerful social environments
-Mask differences in personality
-Job interviews, funerals, hanging out with your boss
behaviour constrained, ppl tends to behave in similar ways

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3
Q

Weak Situations

A

Allow ppl to behave more freely
-Easier to discern personality differences
-At home, at bar, hanging out with friends
•situation doesn’t have a strong influence on behaviour
•see more variation in behaviour

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4
Q

Different Ways of Studying & Understanding Personality: Unconscious processes

A

–Sigmund Freud

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5
Q

Different Ways of Studying & Understanding Personality: Personal experiences

A

–Carl Rogers

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6
Q

Different Ways of Studying & Understanding Personality: Trait approaches

A

–Hans Eysenck

not focused on explain personality, descriptive approach

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7
Q

Different Ways of Studying & Understanding Personality: Cognitive approaches

A

–Walter Mischel

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8
Q

Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory

A
  • Emphasizes influence of unconscious forces on behaviour
  • We could access preconscious
  • We don’t have access to unconscious mind
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9
Q

defense mechanisms

A

Unconscious mental strategies mind uses to protect itself + self esteem

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10
Q

3 Levels of Consciousness

A

-id, ego, superego

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11
Q

Ego, Id, Superego

A

-Id: selfish, hedonistic principles
•Supergo: polar opposite of id, strict moral rules, do right thing, driven by moral principles
•Represented by devil + angel on your shoulder
•Conflict leads to unconscious anxiety
•Important that ego strongest force, focus on reality, mediate forces

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12
Q

Humanistic Approaches

A

•Emphasize personal experience + belief systems;
propose ppl seek personal growth to fulfill potential: self-actualization
•Be the best person you can be

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13
Q

Roger’s person-centred approach

A

–Phenomenology: Subjective human experience
–Unconditional positive regard: Important for parents to have unconditional, important for self esteem + achieve self actualization

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14
Q

Positive psychology

A

–Broaden-and-build theory: broaden horizons, build resources, explore
•Importance of positive emotions
•Negative emotions narrow everything down

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15
Q

Personality types

A

Discrete categories based on global personality characteristics
–Implicit personality theory: tend to believe certain personality characteristics go together

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16
Q

Personality trait

A

characteristic; dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances
–emphasizes extent to which individuals differ in personality dispositions

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17
Q

How Many Traits?

A

-5

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18
Q

Eysenk’s Hierarchical Model

A
  • Introversion/Extroversion
  • Emotional Stability/Neuroticism
  • Psychoticism (Constraint) : aggressive, impulsive, empathy
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19
Q

The Big Five

or Five-Factor Theory

A
  • Openness to experience
  • Conscientiousness: tidy, responsible, grades
  • Extroversion
20
Q

The Big Five

or Five-Factor Theory

A

-Agreeableness: how you get along with ppl
•Neuroticism
•a continuum

21
Q

The Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI)

A

-how you see yourself

22
Q

Three or Five Basic Factors?

A

-Parts of psychoticism found in other clusters of 5

23
Q

Cognitive-social theories

A

–Bandura: possess mental capacities - beliefs, thoughts + expectations - interact with environ to influence behaviour
•Self efficacy: how much you affect outcomes
•Observational learning: Bandura – bob doll experiment
•Doesn’t have to be out own experiences that we base expectations on

24
Q

Cognitive-social theories

A

–Mischel’s cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS): ppl’s responses influenced by how they perceive given situation, affecting (emotional) response to the situation, skills in dealing with challenges + anticipation of outcomes of their behaviour

25
Q

Cognitive-social theories

A
  • Situationism: how situations are powerful in influencing behaviour
  • Self-regulatory capacities: change + adjust behaviour
26
Q

Idiographic Approaches

A

–Person-centred, focus on individual lives - unique experience
•Case studies: Interviews, biographical information
•Narratives: Life story, personal myths
-humanistic
•Understand own life history

27
Q

Nomothetic Approaches

A

–Common traits, unique combinations
•Objective measures: Self-reports, observer ratings
ppl unique in same ways
•Big five, ppl just differ where they fall along continuum

28
Q

Projective measures

A

•Rorschach inkblot, TAT: image, make a story, measure motivational traits, need for power, affiliation, achievement
-project mental contents to visual

29
Q

Who Knows You Best?

A
  • Tend to see ourselves in positive light
  • Know you for a long time, not just from 1 aspect of life
  • Seen you in a whole host of situations
  • They pay attention to your behaviour than you do
  • You may be more prone to biases in your self reports than others are
30
Q

Self-concept

A

Everything you know about yourself – Working self-concept

•Parts that you’re currently aware of

31
Q

Self-schema

A

Cognitive aspect of self - concept, integrated set of memories, beliefs + generalizations about self
organize self concepts, how we take these beliefs + organize them, help us understand things

32
Q

blind spots in self-knowledge

A

–Informational barriers: doesn’t have all info to understand behaviour
•No one tells Mr. Brown that his jokes aren’t funny
–Motivational barriers
•When no one laughs at his joke, Mr. Brown assumes
they weren’t smart enough to get it

33
Q

Mindfulness

A

may address both barriers, allowing greater self-knowledge (Carlson, 2013)
–Attention + non-evaluative observation of current experience
letting things be
•Lowers motivational barriers

34
Q

Self-esteem

A

evaluative aspect of the self-concept
–Sociometer theory: probability of being rejected from group
•Self esteem drops indicates something’s wrong: how well get along

35
Q

Self-serving biases

A

host of mental strategies to maintain our positive self-views
pass, we’re brilliant, fail, test is too hard
•Take credit for achievements, outside factors for failures

36
Q

Does personality change over time?

A

•Traits do tend to be remarkably stable over time
–Fluctuate most in childhood
–Stability is highest after age 50

37
Q

Does personality change over time?

A

•As ppl age, they tend to become:
–Less neurotic, extroverted, & open to new experiences
–More agreeable & conscientious
•Culturally universal: aging brain might explain change

38
Q

The Biology of Personality

A

Nearly all personality traits have a genetic component

•Correlation betw identical in big 5

39
Q

Temperaments

A

Broader than traits; biologically based tendencies to feel + act in certain ways
•Not something we can really measure in infants

40
Q

Temperaments

A
  • Activity level: active vs. sedentary
  • Emotionality: reacting strongly, crying all the time
  • Sociability: are they happy to be around ppl/ I only want mom/dad
41
Q

Childhood temperament

A

predictive of adult behaviours
–Inhibited newborns: shy children/teenagers
•environ also important: parents can do things that allow them to be less shy

42
Q

Neurophysiological mechanisms

A

– Gray’s BIS/BAS systems

43
Q

Behavioural approach system (BAS):

A

•“go” system
•Stronger than BIS system in extroverts
-sensitive to rewards, how rewarding behaviour is

44
Q

Behavioural inhibition system (BIS):

A

•“stop” system
•Stronger than BAS system in introverts
sensitive to punishment, negative outcomes

45
Q

Cultural Differences: Self-concept

A
  • Interdependent vs. independent self-construals
  • Self concept: individualistic cultures (NA, Europe) – independent self concept, don’t change wherever you go
  • Interdependent self concept – overlapping with other ppl, how you behave with this individual
46
Q

Cultural Differences: Self-enhancement

A

•universal tendency?

perhaps a western focused idea

47
Q

Cultural Differences: Cultural stereotypes

A
  • Issues with measurement
  • We compare ourselves to other canadians
  • Americans might feel more polite than other americans
  • We don’t really know where cultural stereotypes come from

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