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PSY100 > Consciousness > Flashcards

Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

•moment-by-moment subjective experience of world

-external + internal world (thoughts)

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2
Q

The Brain

A
  • Left + right hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum

* Corpus callosotomy (severing of the corpus callosum): surgery treat patients suffering from epilepsy/chronic seizures

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3
Q

Split Brain, Split Mind

A

•corpus callosum is severed=2 half brains, each with its own perceptions, thoughts, + consciousness
•Images from left visual field to the right hemisphere + vice versa
-left hemisphere controls right hand + vice versa

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4
Q

Split Brain, Split Mind

A
  • left hemisphere vocal hemisphere: control over speech

* right hemisphere: spatial relations

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5
Q

Split Brain, Split Mind

A

•Interpreter: left-hemisphere attempts to make sense out of events
–Creates a comprehensible story
–Tries to find patterns, relationships
•Explanation based on info we have
•Only has access to what is given to the hemisphere

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6
Q

Fusiform face area (FFA)

A
  • Area of brain active when ppl look at faces (some evidence that “expertise” area, not just for faces)
  • intersection of occipital + temporal cortices, usually larger on the right side
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7
Q

“left-brained” or “right-brained

A

-right+left hemispheres each specialized for diff tasks

•“right brained”/“left brained” exaggerated in popular media

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8
Q

“left-brained” or “right-brained

A

under extreme circumstances, 1 side can learn to perform many of the functions generally done by the other side
•If you lose hemisphere, other half can compensate
oVery plastic, adaptive
–Children with Rasmussen’s syndrome who undergo hemispherectomies

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9
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

-Resting, relaxing - before sleep alpha waves
•Cycle through over night (90 min)
-Light sleep, easily awoken
-theta waves

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10
Q

stage 2 sleep

A
  • Sleep spindles: Takes work to keep yourself asleep, maintain sleep
  • k-waves
  • Genuine sleep
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11
Q

stage 3 + 4 sleep

A

-Deep sleep, slow-wave sleep
-Delta waves: big slow waves
•Lacking conscious awareness, but has a sense

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12
Q

Global Workspace Model

A

-Diff parts of brain responsible for diff functions

–No single area of the brain responsible for “awareness”

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13
Q

REM sleep

A

-rapid eye movements, dreaming + paralysis of motor systems
•Dreams bizarre, illogical, emotional
•activation of emotion, motivation, reward + visual centres of brain.
•paralysis stop you from moving/flailing around during bizarre dreams
•Alert: beta waves
•Non rem dreams: boring dreams

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14
Q

adaptiveness of sleep

A

–Restorative theory
–Circadian rhythm theory
–Facilitation of learning theory

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15
Q

Restorative theory

A
  • need to repair ourselves

- recover

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16
Q

Circadian rhythm theory

A

-evolve to sleep where best time to be inactive

oWe cant do anything useful, most dangerous at night so we don’t move

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17
Q

Facilitation of learning theory

A

at night, strengthening new connections/synapses
•Consolidates
•Help you learn material
•REM sleep: children spend more time in REM, learning ton of info everyday
•Helpful to dream about it, likely to better learn material

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18
Q

Hypnosis

A

•social interaction person, responding to suggestions, experiences changes in memory, perception, and/or voluntary action

  • Depends more on hypnotized than on skills of hypnotist
  • highly suggestible
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19
Q

Hypnosis

A

–ability to get “lost in activities”/absorbed, block out distractions
activity/absorbed easily
•Altered state of consciousness: hypnotized ppl told they are seeing nonsense syllable, no trouble with stroop test
•Brain activity: black + white photos, tell you it’s coloured, colour processing areas of brain are active

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20
Q

Concentrative meditation

A

Focus all of your attention on one particular thing

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21
Q

Mindfulness meditation

A

Let thoughts flow freely, paying attention to them, but not reacting to them
–Long term practice can decrease the reactivity of your autonomic nervous system to stressful events

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22
Q

Limits of Consciousness

A

-brain is capable of processing & acting on info not consciously aware of
•Blindsight patients/subliminal messages

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23
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

presented outside of conscious awareness
–Very brief flashes of words/images
–priming tasks activate concepts in someone’s mind, without their awareness

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24
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

-

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25
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

Much behaviour occurs without awareness/intention
•unconscious mind smart
•Overthinking can result in bad decisions

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26
Q

Verbal overshadowing

A

ppl rank based on taste do good job without any thought
•When explain it, no idea how to describe it, we end up listening to ourselves bullshitting, based on dumb descriptions, words overshadows, biased ratings

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27
Q

Derren Brown:

The Remarkable Effects of Priming!

A

takes ad agents, gives them task of making an ad for taxidermy within 30 min

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28
Q

blindsight

A

-brain damage, no conscious awareness of seeing anything, will better than chance level of correctly guessing
oeven if not visually aware, brain still processing of info even without conscious awareness of seeing anything
oaccess to some visual info not consciously aware of it

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29
Q

Influence by the Unknown: Strahan, Spencer, & Zanna (2002)

A
  • Independent variables: Thirst + type of prime
  • Dependent variable: Amount of Kool-Aid consumed
  • Priming can persuade people to drink more – only if they want to drink in the first place
  • No one can make you do something if you aren’t already motivated to do it
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30
Q

Drugs

A

-MJ: relaxed mental state, uplifted mood, perceptual + cognitive distortions
•Cocaine: wave of confidence, feel good, alert, energetic, sociable, wide awake
•Meth: Blocks reuptake of dopamine, increases release of dope

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31
Q

Drugs

A
  • MDMA/Ecstasy: energizing effect + slight hallucinations
  • less dopamine release + more serotonin release
  • Opiates: increase dopamine activation in nucleus accumbens + binding with opiate receptors = relaxation, analgesia, euphoria
  • heroin: like orgasm, rush of intense pleasure, evolving into pleasant, relaxed stupor
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32
Q

Qualia

A

-properties of subjective experiences

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33
Q

Sensation

A
  • detection of external stimuli, responses + transmission of responses to brain
  • processing physical property, convert it into neural impulses
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34
Q

Perception

A
  • processing, organization + interpretation of sensory signals in brain
  • internal representation of the stimuli + conscious
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35
Q

Perception

A

-subjective experience
•Every experience subjective
•Adapted to respond to changes in sensory experience

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36
Q

Sensation & Perception

A
  • Everything is experienced in your brain
  • The world constructed by you
  • Context + Change is important
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37
Q

Sensation:

Going from the world, to your brain

A 
Stimuli need to be translated into chemical/electrical signals for brain to understand
Most info (not smell) goes to the thalamus, then directed to part of cortex
-info then interpreted as sight, smell, taste
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38
Q

Sensation

A

-

39
Q

Transduction

A

Process sensory receptors pass impulses to connecting neurons when they receive stimulation
-takes properties into neural code

40
Q

Sensory thresholds: Absolute threshold

A
  • min intensity of stimulation that must occur before sensation felt 50% of the time
  • the quietest whisper you could hear half the time
41
Q

Difference threshold

A
  • noticeable difference between two stimuli
  • min amount of change required to detect a difference
  • depends on what we are comparing, how much change needs to happen to notice a difference
42
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A
  • stop noticing stimulus once we constantly sensing a stable stimulus
  • decrease of sensitivity to a constant level of stimulus
43
Q

Sensing Chemicals:

Taste

A

-stimuli chemical substances from food dissolved in saliva
•Taste receptors: in taste buds, send signals to brain (creates experience of taste)
•mix of five basic qualities: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, & umami (savoury)

44
Q

Sensing Chemicals:

Smell

A

-stimuli chemical substances dissolved in fluid on mucous membranes in the nose
•olfactory epithelium: thin layer of tissue embedded with smell receptors
-transmit info to olfactory bulb: brain centre for smell

45
Q

Sensing Chemicals: Taste & Smell

A
  • Thousands of receptors, poorly understood
  • Good at good/bad + strong/weak judgments, not at naming odours
  • doesn’t go to thalamus
  • pleasantness: frontal cortex
  • intensity: amygdala
46
Q

Sensing Chemicals: Taste & Smell

A
  • Smell + texture important: experience occurs in brain (signals are integrated)
  • supertaster: lots of taste buds
47
Q

Touch: Temperature, Pressure, & Pain

A
  • Nerve signals enter thalamus then projected to primary somatosensory cortex - parietal lobe (S1)
  • More sensitive areas, more cortical space
  • experience occurs in your brain
48
Q

Touch: Temperature, Pressure, & Pain

A
  • separate temp receptors
  • pressure receptors: some at bases of hairs/capsules in skin
  • pain receptors: found throughout body
  • brain knows you are tickling yourself: cerebellum compensates
49
Q

Pain

A

Fast, myelinated fibres: sharp, immediate pain
(protection)
•Slow, nonmyelinated fibres: dull, steady pain (recuperation)
•perceptual experience occurs in the brain

50
Q

Gate control theory of pain

A

-pain to be experienced, pain receptors must be activated + neural “gate” in the spinal cord must allow the signals through to the brain
–open: pain is experienced
–closed: pain is reduced (or prevented)

51
Q

Vision

A
  • myeopia: need another lens to help focus image on retina
  • ganglion cells: axons form optical nerve
  • 32 regions of brain that are involved in vision
  • Primary visual cortex (V1) – occipital
52
Q

Gate Control Theory of Pain

A
  • pain subjective
  • distraction: enough to close gate
  • larger sensory fibres can cover up pain signals: rubbing it (activating larger fibres)
53
Q

Accommodation

A

Muscles change the shape of the lens

flattening: focus on distant objects
thickening: focus on closer objects

54
Q

Vision

A
  • dorsal stream/ventral stream

* object agnosia

55
Q

Photoreceptors

A

-Convert the energy from light particles (photons) into a chemical reaction that produces an electrical signal

56
Q

Rods

A

Retinal cells respond to low levels of light
-black and white perception.
-About 120 million in each retina, located along the edges
•processing info in dark

57
Q

Visual Transmission

A 
Rods and cones
Bipolar, amacrine, horizontal cells
Ganglion cells/optic nerve 
Thalamus
Primary visual cortex
Ventral “what” stream/Dorsal “where” stream
58
Q

cornea

A
  • thick, transparent outer layer

- focuses incoming light = refraction

59
Q

iris

A

-opaque, circular muscle determines eye’s colour + controls pupil size

60
Q

retina

A

-inner surface of back of eyeball

61
Q

optic nerve

A
  • axons gathered back of retina

* optic nerve creates blind spot – small point at back of retina

62
Q

sclera

A

-strong outer coat

63
Q

lens

A

-focuses incoming light = refraction on retina

64
Q

pupil

A

-small opening in front of lens: contracts/dilates to determine how much light enters

65
Q

Cones

A

•cones: fewer but in centre part

  • Retinal cells respond to higher levels of light
  • colour perception.
  • 6 million in each retina, located in the fovea
66
Q

Vision:

“What” versus “Where”

A

-Visual areas beyond the primary visual cortex form two parallel processing streams

67
Q

Ventral “what” stream

A

-Specialized for perception and recognition of objects
-determining colour and shape
– Object agnosia: don’t know what it is, but knows where it is

68
Q

Dorsal “where” stream

A
  • Specialized for spatial perception

- determining where an object is and its spatial relation to other objects

69
Q

Vision: Colour Perception

A

Three types of cones:
– S: short wavelengths - blue
– M: medium wavelengths - green
– L: long wavelengths - red

70
Q

Vision: Colour Perception

A

Perception of color determined by ratio of activity among these three types of receptors

71
Q

additive colour mixing

A

•light of diff wavelengths mixed, what you see determined by interaction of wavelengths within eye’s receptors
•almost any colour can be created by combining just 3 wavelengths, so long as one is from long wave end, one from middle, one from short
-red, green, blue

72
Q

subtractive colour mixing

A

mixing paints, mixture occurs physical process
•when pigments mixed, they absorb (subtract) each other’s wavelengths + colour we see are wave lengths left over
•yellow, red, blue

73
Q

Colour blindness (colour vision deficiency)

A

–Most often genetic, red/green colour blindness is most common, more common in males because carried on the X chromosome
– Red/green colour blindness means that people mix up colours which have some red or green in them

74
Q

Vision: Colour Perception

A
  • cones
  • eyes work in additive mixing way
  • acromytopia: inability to process colour
  • colour blindness: trouble processing red + green
  • red green colourblindness
75
Q

Proximity

A

closer two figures are, the more likely we are to group them together and see them as being part of the same object

76
Q

Object Perception

A

Gestalt principles of perceptual organization

77
Q

Similarity

A

We tend to group figures according to how closely they resemble each other

78
Q

Good continuation

A

We tend to interpret intersecting lines as continuous rather than as changing direction radically

79
Q

Closure

A

We tend to complete figures that have gaps

80
Q

Illusory Contours

A

-tend to perceive contours, even when they don’t exist (but something in the stimulus suggests that they ought to be present)
•everything else becomes background

81
Q

Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes

A

Context is important!
–Same stimulus, different perception
•meet in the middle
•top down

82
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Information is sent from lower-level processing areas to higher level processing areas

83
Q

Top-down processing

A

Information from higher- level areas can also influence lower, “earlier” levels in the processing hierarchy
–Expectations inform perceptions

84
Q

Depth Perception

• Binocular Disparity

A

Important cue of depth perception

  • caused by the distance between the eyes - provides each eye with a slightly different image.
  • brain uses the disparity between these two retinal images to compute distances
85
Q

Depth Perception

•Monocular depth cues

A

occlusion: near object occludes (blocks) one far away
relative size : far-off objects project smaller retinal image than close
familiar size: we know how large familiar objects are, we can tell how far they are by size of retinal image

86
Q

Motion parallax

A

relative movements of objects at various distances from observer
•Anything closer moves opposite your direction fast, anything farther moves in your direction relative to object

87
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

linear perspective: parallel lines appear to converge in the distance
texture gradient: uniformly texture surface recedes, its texture continuously becomes denser
position relative to horizon: objects below horizon appear higher in visual field are farther away
•Above horizon that appear lower in visual field farther away

88
Q

Motion Perception

• Motion sensitive neurons

A

fatigue of certain motion sensitive neurons leads to motion after-effects (the waterfall illusion)
•brain calculates an object’s perceived movements by monitoring movement of the eyes + also the head, as they track moving object
•motion detectors track image’s motion across retina as receptors in retina fire one after the other

89
Q

Alcohol

A
  • Lighten sleep
  • Wake more frequently
  • Trouble returning to sleep
  • Less REM sleep
90
Q

Bipolar, amacrine, horizontal cells

A

perform on impulses series of sophisticated computation helps system process info

91
Q

Hearing

A
  • Auditory neurons in thalamus extend axons to primary auditory cortex (A1) – temporal lobe
  • Neurons code frequency of stimuli
  • Toward rear respond to low frequencies, front to high
92
Q

Hearing

A

•Sound waves at outer ear - auditory canal - eardrum - middle ear
•Sound waves make eardrum vibrate (ossicles)
o3 tiny bones: hammer, anvil + stirrup
•ossicles transfer vibrations to oval window, membrane of cochlea (inner ear), fluid-filled tube that curls into snail like shape

93
Q

Hearing

A
  • basilar membrane: centre of cochlea
  • oval window vibrations create pressure waves in inner ear’s fluid, prompt hair cells to bend + cause neurons on basilar membrane to fire
  • signal travels to brain via auditory nerve
94
Q

coarse coding

A

sensory qualities coded by only few types of receptors each responding to wide range of stimuli

PSY100 (10 decks)

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