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Psychology: disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Mental disorder

A

set of behavioral or psychological sx that are not in keeping with social norms (deviance) (class 3), are severe enough to cause significant personal distress or impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning

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2
Q

level 1 disorders

A 
anxiety disorders 
depressive disorders 
bipolar and related disorders 
schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders 
trauma and stressor-related disorders 
personality disorders 
ocd 
somatic sx disorders 
dissociative disorders
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3
Q

anxiety disorders

A

excessive fear and/or anxiety
avoidance behaviors
sympathetic activation in the absence of threat

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4
Q

phobias

A

a very specific fear

  • types of phobias include situational, natural environment, blood/injection/injury, and animal
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5
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

excessive anxiety w/o a specific cause

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6
Q

panic disorder

A

includes panic attacks

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7
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

fear/anxiety around social situations

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8
Q

depressive disorders

A

sad, empty, and/or irritable mood

  • not related to normal grief
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9
Q

Major depressive disorder sx

A 
depressed or irritable mood 
fatigue/loss of energy 
feelings of worthlessness or guilt 
impaired concentration, indecisiveness
insomnia or hypersomnia 
loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities 
restlessness or feeling slowed down 
recurring thoughts of death or suicide 
significant weight gain or loss
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10
Q

the monoamine hypothesis of depression

A

predicts that the underlying pathophysiologic basis of depression is a depletion in the level of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine in the central nervous system

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11
Q

bipolar disorders + specific dx

A

“bridge” b/l psychotic and depressive disorders
‘-involve episodes and oscillations (cycles)

  1. bipolar I disorder
  2. bipolar II disorder
  3. cyclothymic disorder
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12
Q

bipolar disorder: manic phase

A

high energy, high self-esteem, racing thoughts, quick-talking, impulsive, irritable

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13
Q

bipolar disorder: depressed phase

A

low energy, low self-esteem, lack of concentration, loss of interest, helplessness, suicidal thoughts

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14
Q

bipolar I vs II

A

bipolar I disorder is the one with the super high highs whereas bipolar II does not

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15
Q

schizophrenia

A

delusions, hallucinations (positive sx- added them to pt experience)
disorganized speech and thoughts
may involve “negative” sx (ex. flat affect)
involve a general detachment from objective reality

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16
Q

negative sx

A

disruptions to normal emotions and behaviors, absence of normal patterns

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17
Q

positive sx

A

psychotic behaviors not seen in healthy people

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18
Q

cognitive sx

A

thought patterns that make it hard to lead a normal life and cause emotional distress

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19
Q

negative sx in schizophrenia

A

avolition (loss of motivation to do things), flatted affect, reduced speech and/or interactions

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20
Q

positive sx in schizophrenia

A

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech or behavior

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21
Q

cognitive sx in schizophrenia

A

poor executive functioning, trouble focusing or paying attention, problems with working memory

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22
Q

trauma- and stressor-related disorders

  • specific dx?
A

exposure to a traumatic or stressful event

exhibit any of wid range of sx

  • posttraumatic stress disorder
  • acute stress disorder
  • adjustment disorder
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23
Q

personality disorders + specific dx

A
  • enduring (often lifetime) patterns of inflexible behaviors across a range of settings and relationships
  • dx begins in adolescence or early adulthood
  • HIGH comorbidity

specific dx: cluster A,

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24
Q

Personality disorder: Cluster A

A

(odd/eccentric): paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

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25
Personality disorder: Cluster B
(dramatic/erratic): antisocial (lack of empathy), borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorder
26
Personality disorder: Cluster C
(anxious/fearful): avoidant, dependent, and OCD
27
ocd + specific dx
- obsession (thoughts or urges) and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors) dx: OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)
28
somatic sx disorders + specific dx
excessive and/or medically unexplainable sx - commonly encountered in primary care dx: somatic sx disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder, factitious disorder
29
dissociative disorders + specific dx
- disruptions and/or discontinuities in core identity - abnormal integration of consciousness, identity, emotion, etc specific dx: dissociative identity disorder
30
Neurodevelopemental disorders + specific dx
manifest early in development (early-onset), usually before grade school - appear as deficits, generally difficult to treat - characterized by intellectual disability, communication disorders specific dx: autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, Tourette's syndrome
31
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
unknown causes - affects 2-4 % of school-aged children - motor restlessness, difficulty paying attention, distractibility, impulsivity
32
Autism spectrum disorder
a range of complex neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior
33
prevalence of autism spectrum disorder
males 4x likely to have ASD than females
34
common signs of autism spectrum disorder?
1. impaired social interaction: avoiding eye contact with other people, difficulty interpreting what others are thinking or feeling, may lack empathy 2. repetitive movements such as rocking and twirling, or self-abusive behavior such as biting or head-banging 3. inability to play interactively with other children
35
neurocognitive disorders + specific sx
the cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in complex attention, executive function, learning, memory, language, perceptual-motor, or social cognition - sx may interfere significantly with a person's everyday independence in a major neurocognitive disorder, but no in a mild neurocognitive disorder specific dx: major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's Disease OR traumatic brain injury, Huntington's disease
36
Alzheimer's disease: 2 abnormal structures in the brain?
1. amyloid plaques: clumps of protein fragments that accumulate outside of cells 2. neurofibrillary tangles: clumps of altered proteins inside cells
37
Parkinson's Disease
primarily caused by abnormally LOW DOPAMINE levels - dopaminergic neurons in the substantial nigra of the basal ganglia die off, making it harder to control movements - dopamine is involved in sending messages to areas of the brain that control coordination and movement - dopamine levels progressively drop, so symptoms gradually become more severe - abnormal aggregates of protein called LEWY BODIES develop inside neurons
38
sleep-wake disorders
disturbance in quality, timing, and/or amount of sleep
39
insomnia
inability to fall or remain asleep
40
narcolepsy
periodic, overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods - dyssomnia
41
sleep apnea
intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep, which results in repeated awakenings - dyssomnia
42
dyssomnias
abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep
43
somnambulism
sleepwalking - tends to occur during slow-wave sleep ( stage 3) - usually happens during the first third of the nights - many children experience sleep-walking and eventually "grow out of it."
44
night terrors
appearing terrified, babbling, screaming while deep asleep - usually occur during stage 3 (unlike nightmares, which occur during REM sleep toward morning)
45
parasomnias
abnormal behavior that occur during sleep
46
substance-related and addictive disorders
drugs separated into 10 classes - involved brain's reward system - tolerance and withdrawal
47
depressants: ex?
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
48
depressants: mechanism of action
depresses central nervous system (especially "fight or flight" reflex)
49
depressants: effects
impaired motor control; organ failure from overdose
50
stimulants: ex?
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
51
stimulants: mecahnism of action
increases availability and action of neurotransmitters
52
stimulants: effects
sympathetic activation; "rush" or "high" followed by crash
53
hallucinogens: ex?
LSD, marijuana (THC)
54
hallucinogens: mechanism of action
distorts perceptions
55
hallucinogens: effects
hallucinations (lights, colors, etc) ; impaired judgments; slowed reaction time
56
tolerance
occurs when an individual must use more of a drug to achieve the desired effect
57
dependence
develops when a person needs to use a drug in order to function normally
58
withdrawal
group of sx that occurs when a person who has formed a dependence on a drug suddenly stops or decreases the use of that drug. withdrawal sx are drug-specific and dose-dependent
59
addiction
compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences, and an inability to stop using a drug
60
consciousness
awareness that we have of ourselves, our internal states, and the environment
61
what controls the brain's alertness and arousal?
reticular activating system (RAS)
62
alpha waves
associated with relaxed normal consciousness; when you get drowsy
63
beta waves
higher frequency than alpha, more alert consciousness
64
theta wave
light sleep; seen in young children, meditative states, and stage 1 sleep
65
delta wave
deep sleep; occurs during slow-wave sleep
66
circadian rhythms
control the increases and decreases in our alertness in predictable ways over a 240-hr cycle
67
what are the 3 physiological indicates of a mammal's circadian rhythm?
1. melatonin is released by the pineal gland, 2. body temp, 3. and serum cortisol levels
68
the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): what does it do? where is it located?
in the hypothalamus - regulate sleep, melatonin, production by the pineal gland, and body temp.
69
Stage NREM1: EEG?
theta waves
70
Stage NREM1: EOG?
slow rolling eye movements
71
Stage NREM1: EMG?
moderate activity
72
Stage NREM1: Characteristics?
fleeting thoughts; non-REM sleep
73
Stage NREM2: EEG?
sleep spindles
74
Stage NREM2: EOG?
no eye movement
75
Stage NREM2: EMG?
moderate activity
76
Stage NREM2: Characteristics?
increased relaxation; decreased temp, heart rate, and respiration
77
Stage NREM3: EEG?
delta waves
78
Stage NREM3: EOG?
no eye movement
79
Stage NREM3: EMG?
moderate activity
80
Stage NREM3: characteristics?
heart and digestion slow; growth hormones secreted/ deepest level of sleep
81
REM: EEG?
similar to beta waves but more jagged
82
REM: EOG?
bursts of quick eye movements
83
REM: EMG?
almost no activity "paradoxical sleep"
84
REM: Characteristics?
when dreams occur
85
hypnosis:
states of consciousness in which attention is more focused and peripheral awareness is reduced
86
meditation
a practice in which an individual induces a mode of consciousness for some purpose

MCAT (6 decks)

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