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MCAT > Psychology: disorders > Flashcards

Psychology: disorders Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Mental disorder

A

set of behavioral or psychological sx that are not in keeping with social norms (deviance) (class 3), are severe enough to cause significant personal distress or impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning

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2
Q

level 1 disorders

A 
anxiety disorders 
depressive disorders 
bipolar and related disorders 
schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders 
trauma and stressor-related disorders 
personality disorders 
ocd 
somatic sx disorders 
dissociative disorders
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3
Q

anxiety disorders

A

excessive fear and/or anxiety
avoidance behaviors
sympathetic activation in the absence of threat

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4
Q

phobias

A

a very specific fear

  • types of phobias include situational, natural environment, blood/injection/injury, and animal
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5
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

excessive anxiety w/o a specific cause

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6
Q

panic disorder

A

includes panic attacks

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7
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

fear/anxiety around social situations

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8
Q

depressive disorders

A

sad, empty, and/or irritable mood

  • not related to normal grief
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9
Q

Major depressive disorder sx

A 
depressed or irritable mood 
fatigue/loss of energy 
feelings of worthlessness or guilt 
impaired concentration, indecisiveness
insomnia or hypersomnia 
loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities 
restlessness or feeling slowed down 
recurring thoughts of death or suicide 
significant weight gain or loss
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10
Q

the monoamine hypothesis of depression

A

predicts that the underlying pathophysiologic basis of depression is a depletion in the level of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine in the central nervous system

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11
Q

bipolar disorders + specific dx

A

“bridge” b/l psychotic and depressive disorders
‘-involve episodes and oscillations (cycles)

  1. bipolar I disorder
  2. bipolar II disorder
  3. cyclothymic disorder
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12
Q

bipolar disorder: manic phase

A

high energy, high self-esteem, racing thoughts, quick-talking, impulsive, irritable

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13
Q

bipolar disorder: depressed phase

A

low energy, low self-esteem, lack of concentration, loss of interest, helplessness, suicidal thoughts

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14
Q

bipolar I vs II

A

bipolar I disorder is the one with the super high highs whereas bipolar II does not

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15
Q

schizophrenia

A

delusions, hallucinations (positive sx- added them to pt experience)
disorganized speech and thoughts
may involve “negative” sx (ex. flat affect)
involve a general detachment from objective reality

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16
Q

negative sx

A

disruptions to normal emotions and behaviors, absence of normal patterns

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17
Q

positive sx

A

psychotic behaviors not seen in healthy people

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18
Q

cognitive sx

A

thought patterns that make it hard to lead a normal life and cause emotional distress

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19
Q

negative sx in schizophrenia

A

avolition (loss of motivation to do things), flatted affect, reduced speech and/or interactions

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20
Q

positive sx in schizophrenia

A

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech or behavior

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21
Q

cognitive sx in schizophrenia

A

poor executive functioning, trouble focusing or paying attention, problems with working memory

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22
Q

trauma- and stressor-related disorders

  • specific dx?
A

exposure to a traumatic or stressful event

exhibit any of wid range of sx

  • posttraumatic stress disorder
  • acute stress disorder
  • adjustment disorder
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23
Q

personality disorders + specific dx

A
  • enduring (often lifetime) patterns of inflexible behaviors across a range of settings and relationships
  • dx begins in adolescence or early adulthood
  • HIGH comorbidity

specific dx: cluster A,

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24
Q

Personality disorder: Cluster A

A

(odd/eccentric): paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

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25
Q

Personality disorder: Cluster B

A

(dramatic/erratic): antisocial (lack of empathy), borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorder

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26
Q

Personality disorder: Cluster C

A

(anxious/fearful): avoidant, dependent, and OCD

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27
Q

ocd + specific dx

A
  • obsession (thoughts or urges) and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors)
    dx: OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)
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28
Q

somatic sx disorders + specific dx

A

excessive and/or medically unexplainable sx

  • commonly encountered in primary care
    dx: somatic sx disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder, factitious disorder
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29
Q

dissociative disorders + specific dx

A
  • disruptions and/or discontinuities in core identity
  • abnormal integration of consciousness, identity, emotion, etc

specific dx: dissociative identity disorder

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30
Q

Neurodevelopemental disorders + specific dx

A

manifest early in development (early-onset), usually before grade school

  • appear as deficits, generally difficult to treat
  • characterized by intellectual disability, communication disorders

specific dx: autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, Tourette’s syndrome

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31
Q

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

A

unknown causes

  • affects 2-4 % of school-aged children
  • motor restlessness, difficulty paying attention, distractibility, impulsivity
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32
Q

Autism spectrum disorder

A

a range of complex neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior

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33
Q

prevalence of autism spectrum disorder

A

males 4x likely to have ASD than females

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34
Q

common signs of autism spectrum disorder?

A
  1. impaired social interaction: avoiding eye contact with other people, difficulty interpreting what others are thinking or feeling, may lack empathy
  2. repetitive movements such as rocking and twirling, or self-abusive behavior such as biting or head-banging
  3. inability to play interactively with other children
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35
Q

neurocognitive disorders + specific sx

A

the cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in complex attention, executive function, learning, memory, language, perceptual-motor, or social cognition
- sx may interfere significantly with a person’s everyday independence in a major neurocognitive disorder, but no in a mild neurocognitive disorder

specific dx: major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s Disease

OR traumatic brain injury, Huntington’s disease

36
Q

Alzheimer’s disease: 2 abnormal structures in the brain?

A
  1. amyloid plaques: clumps of protein fragments that accumulate outside of cells
  2. neurofibrillary tangles: clumps of altered proteins inside cells
37
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

primarily caused by abnormally LOW DOPAMINE levels

  • dopaminergic neurons in the substantial nigra of the basal ganglia die off, making it harder to control movements
  • dopamine is involved in sending messages to areas of the brain that control coordination and movement
  • dopamine levels progressively drop, so symptoms gradually become more severe
  • abnormal aggregates of protein called LEWY BODIES develop inside neurons
38
Q

sleep-wake disorders

A

disturbance in quality, timing, and/or amount of sleep

39
Q

insomnia

A

inability to fall or remain asleep

40
Q

narcolepsy

A

periodic, overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods

  • dyssomnia
41
Q

sleep apnea

A

intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep, which results in repeated awakenings

  • dyssomnia
42
Q

dyssomnias

A

abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep

43
Q

somnambulism

A

sleepwalking

  • tends to occur during slow-wave sleep ( stage 3)
  • usually happens during the first third of the nights
  • many children experience sleep-walking and eventually “grow out of it.”
44
Q

night terrors

A

appearing terrified, babbling, screaming while deep asleep

  • usually occur during stage 3 (unlike nightmares, which occur during REM sleep toward morning)
45
Q

parasomnias

A

abnormal behavior that occur during sleep

46
Q

substance-related and addictive disorders

A

drugs separated into 10 classes

  • involved brain’s reward system
  • tolerance and withdrawal
47
Q

depressants: ex?

A

alcohol, barbiturates, opiates

48
Q

depressants: mechanism of action

A

depresses central nervous system (especially “fight or flight” reflex)

49
Q

depressants: effects

A

impaired motor control; organ failure from overdose

50
Q

stimulants: ex?

A

caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

51
Q

stimulants: mecahnism of action

A

increases availability and action of neurotransmitters

52
Q

stimulants: effects

A

sympathetic activation; “rush” or “high” followed by crash

53
Q

hallucinogens: ex?

A

LSD, marijuana (THC)

54
Q

hallucinogens: mechanism of action

A

distorts perceptions

55
Q

hallucinogens: effects

A

hallucinations (lights, colors, etc) ; impaired judgments; slowed reaction time

56
Q

tolerance

A

occurs when an individual must use more of a drug to achieve the desired effect

57
Q

dependence

A

develops when a person needs to use a drug in order to function normally

58
Q

withdrawal

A

group of sx that occurs when a person who has formed a dependence on a drug suddenly stops or decreases the use of that drug. withdrawal sx are drug-specific and dose-dependent

59
Q

addiction

A

compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences, and an inability to stop using a drug

60
Q

consciousness

A

awareness that we have of ourselves, our internal states, and the environment

61
Q

what controls the brain’s alertness and arousal?

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

62
Q

alpha waves

A

associated with relaxed normal consciousness; when you get drowsy

63
Q

beta waves

A

higher frequency than alpha, more alert consciousness

64
Q

theta wave

A

light sleep; seen in young children, meditative states, and stage 1 sleep

65
Q

delta wave

A

deep sleep; occurs during slow-wave sleep

66
Q

circadian rhythms

A

control the increases and decreases in our alertness in predictable ways over a 240-hr cycle

67
Q

what are the 3 physiological indicates of a mammal’s circadian rhythm?

A
  1. melatonin is released by the pineal gland, 2. body temp, 3. and serum cortisol levels
68
Q

the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): what does it do? where is it located?

A

in the hypothalamus

  • regulate sleep, melatonin, production by the pineal gland, and body temp.
69
Q

Stage NREM1: EEG?

A

theta waves

70
Q

Stage NREM1: EOG?

A

slow rolling eye movements

71
Q

Stage NREM1: EMG?

A

moderate activity

72
Q

Stage NREM1: Characteristics?

A

fleeting thoughts; non-REM sleep

73
Q

Stage NREM2: EEG?

A

sleep spindles

74
Q

Stage NREM2: EOG?

A

no eye movement

75
Q

Stage NREM2: EMG?

A

moderate activity

76
Q

Stage NREM2: Characteristics?

A

increased relaxation; decreased temp, heart rate, and respiration

77
Q

Stage NREM3: EEG?

A

delta waves

78
Q

Stage NREM3: EOG?

A

no eye movement

79
Q

Stage NREM3: EMG?

A

moderate activity

80
Q

Stage NREM3: characteristics?

A

heart and digestion slow; growth hormones secreted/ deepest level of sleep

81
Q

REM: EEG?

A

similar to beta waves but more jagged

82
Q

REM: EOG?

A

bursts of quick eye movements

83
Q

REM: EMG?

A

almost no activity “paradoxical sleep”

84
Q

REM: Characteristics?

A

when dreams occur

85
Q

hypnosis:

A

states of consciousness in which attention is more focused and peripheral awareness is reduced

86
Q

meditation

A

a practice in which an individual induces a mode of consciousness for some purpose

MCAT (6 decks)

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