Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT > Psychology > Flashcards

Psychology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

what are the theories of personality? (hint: 5)

A

openness to experience, conscientious, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

openness to experience

A

high: embraces new ideas, experiences; values differences in people
low: prefers familiarity over novelty; conservative; resistant to change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

conscientiousness

A

high: values competence and order; manages time well; strives to achieve
low: disorganized; may not value status; can be irresponsible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

extraversion

A

high: gregarious; outgoing; energized by social gatherings
low: prefers solitary activities; drained by social events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

agreeableness

A

high: thinks of others; goes with the flow; does not demand attention
low: high maintenance; likely to hold strong opinions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

neuroticism

A

high: high levels of negative emotions (anxiety, anger); can be impulsive
low: experience more positive emotions; copes well with stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does psychoanalytic theory assert?

A

that personality is shaped largely by the unconscious, this is the cause mental illness/neurosis due to conflict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

who is the famous psychiatrist associated with psychoanalysis?

A

freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what did Freud suggest motivated human behavior?

A

libido (life drive, pleasure, survival, avoidance of pain) and the death drive (drives dangerous or destructive behaviors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Freud: ID

A

largely unconscious and responsible for our desire to avoid pain and seek pleasure (devel on one shoulder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Freud: EGO

A

responsible for logical thinking and planning as we deal with reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Freud: SUPEREGO

A

responsible for our moral judgments of right and wrong and strives for perfection (angel on one shoulder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are Freud’s psychosexual stages of development?

A 
oral
anal 
phallic 
latency 
genital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of development: ORAL

A

AGE: 0 - 1

EROGENOUS ZONE (TASKS): mouth (sucking, chewing, eating, biting, vocalizing)

SUCCESSFUL RESOLUTION: weaning

FIXATION: oral aggression (verbally abusive) or oral passivity (smoking, overeating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of development: ANAL

A

AGE: 1 - 3

EROGENOUS ZONE: anus (bowel and bladder control)

SUCCESSFUL RESOLUTION: toilet training

FIXATION: anal retention (overly neat/tidy) or anal expulsion (disorganized)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of development: PHALLIC

A

AGE: 3 - 6

EROGENOUS ZONE: genitals (presence/absence of penis); Oedipus complex (males); Electra complex (females)

SUCCESSFUL RESOLUTION: gender identification

FIXATION: difficulty with intimate relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of development: LATENCY

A

AGE: 6 - 12

EROGENOUS ZONE: N/A (sexual feelings dormant during this stage)

SUCCESSFUL RESOLUTION: social interaction

FIXATION: arrested development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of development: GENITAL

A

AGE: 12+

EROGENOUS ZONE: other people’s genitals (reproduction and pleasure)

SUCCESSFUL RESOLUTION: intimate relationships

FIXATION: fixation in prior stage could result in sexual and intimacy issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development?

A 
trust vs mistrust 
autonomy vs shame 
intitiative vs guilt 
industry vs inferiority 
identity vs role confusion 
intimacy vs isolation 
generatiity vs stagnation 
integrity vs despair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development: MISTRUST VS TRUST

A

AGE: infancy

OUTCOMES: trust: infant’s needs are met; optimism; mistrust: infant’s needs are not met

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development: AUTONOMY VS SHAME

A

AGE: early childhood

OUTCOMES: autonomy: children learn self-control; shame: children remain dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development: INITIATIVE VS GUILT

A

AGE: preschool age

OUTCOMES: initiative: children achieve purpose ; guilt: children are thwarted in efforts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development: INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY

A

AGE: school age

OUTCOMES: industry: children gain competence; inferiority: children feel incompetent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development: IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION

A

AGE: adolescence

OUTCOME: identity: adolescents learn sense of self; RC: adolescents lack own identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development: INTIMACY VS ISOLATION

A

AGE: young adulthood

OUTCOME: intimacy: YAs develop mature relationships; isolation: YAs are unable to create social ties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development: GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION

A

AGE: middle age

OUTCOME: generativity: adults contribute to others/society; stagnation: adults feel that life is meaningless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development: INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR

A

AGE: later life

OUTCOME: integrity: adults develop wisdom, re lifetime; despair: adults feel unaccomplished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Behaviorists: BF Skinner: thoughts on personality?

A
  • a result of interaction between the individual and the environment
  • only observable/measurable behaviors are of interest
  • deterministic; people begin as black slates; then reinforcement and punishment COMPLETELY DETERMINE subsequent behavior and personalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Humanistic psychology asserts what?

A

that humans are driven by an actualizing tendency to realize their highest potential, and personality conflicts arrive when this is somehow thwarted.

  • free will as a human being; not predetermined
30
Q

Carl Rogers: instead of stages, how did he think humans developed?

A

progresses from undifferentiated to differentiated

-main goal of development is the establishment of a differentiated self-concept

31
Q

carl rogers would say self-actualization is accomplished how?

A

when parents exhibit unconditional positive regard. those raised with condition positive regard will only feel wort when they’ve met certain conditions

32
Q

what is the social cognitive perspective?

A

personality is a result of reciprocal interactions among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors

33
Q

what was a founder of the social cognitive perspective?

A

albert bandura

34
Q

Albert Bandura: asserted?

A

patterns of behavior are learned not just through classical and operant condition, but also through observational learning

cognitive processes are involved in both observational learning and the development of belief about self efficacy

35
Q

observational learning

A

aka social learning; occurs through modeling

36
Q

observational learning is a fundamental tenet of what?

A

social learning theory aka social cognitive theory

37
Q

what is Albert bandura credited with?

A

the first to demonstrate observational learning experimentally in his famous bobo doll experiments AND later demonstrated vicarious reinforcement (children were more likely to imitate behaviors that others were rewarded for)

38
Q

trait perspective

A

personality is a result of traits, which are habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion that rare relatively stable over time

39
Q

cardinal traits

A

rare and develop later in life; they dominate an individual’s whole life, often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits

40
Q

central traits

A

general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality and describe people across different situations

41
Q

secondary traits

A

sometimes related to attitudes or preferences; dependant on the situation

42
Q

what is Hans Eysenck associated with?

A

trait theory; proposed that genetics primarily determine personality

43
Q

Eysenck asserted?

A

personality traits are hierarchical, a few foundational traits giving rise to a large array of superficial traits

  • genetic differences determine personality traits
  • biological perspective
  • temperament and heritability studies provide empirical evidence for a genetic contribution to traits and personality
44
Q

biological perspective

A

personality is the result of individual differences in brain biology

45
Q

Behavioral Genetics:

A

a field in which variation among individuals are separated into genetic vs environmental components

46
Q

Behavioral Genetics: Nature vs nurture

A

how much of the variation can be explained by differences in biology vs environment

47
Q

Behavioral Genetics: shared environment

A

the environment shared by siblings reared in the same family

48
Q

Behavioral Genetics: nonshared (or unique) environment

A

the environment unique to the individual

49
Q

Behavioral Genetics: heritability

A

metric used to determine how much of a variation is caused by genetic differences

50
Q

Behavioral Genetics Studies: 3 types

A

family, twin (identical), adoption

51
Q

Motivation

A

driving force that causes us to act or behave in certain wars including; instincts, drives, needs, and arousal

52
Q

Instincts

A

unlearned behaviors in fixed patterns throughout a species such as the desire to deal with a crying baby, curiosity about novel stimuli, affection for caretakers

53
Q

drives

A

urges originating from physiological discomforts, such as hunger pangs or dry throat

54
Q

needs

A

biological needs as well as “higher level” needs, like the need for love and belonging

55
Q

arousal

A

restlessness, boredom, or curiosity may motivate behavior even when other needs are met

56
Q

drive reduction theory

A

physiological need creates an aroused state that drives an organism to address that need by engaging in some behavior that will reduce the arousal

57
Q

Abraham Maslow: what are the hierarchy of needs?

A 
physiological needs (basic) 
safety needs 
love and belonging 
esteem needs 
self-actualization
58
Q

emotion: components

A

physiological: arousal or excitation of our body’s internal states
cognitive: appraisal and interpretation of the situation
behavioral: expressive behaviors that accompany the emotion

59
Q

James- Lange Theory

A

stimulus, physiological response, emotion (physiological arousal CAUSES emotion)

60
Q

Canon-Bard Theory

A

stimulus, physiological response + emotion (emotion and physiological arousal happen SIMULTANEOUSLY)

61
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory

A

aka cognitive theory or 2 factor theory

stimulus, physiological response, cognitive interpretation, emotion (emotion is determined by arousal AND CONTEXT)

62
Q

optimal arousal theory (yerkes-Dodson law)

A

there is an optimal level of emotional arousal for performance

63
Q

universal emotions

A

emotions expressed by all (normally developing) humans across all cultures

64
Q

stress

A

events that pose a threat to our physical or mental well being

65
Q

types of stressors?

A

significant life changes, catastrophe, ambient stressors, daily hassles

66
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis

A

KNOW THIS

67
Q

cognitive appraisal of stress:

A

primary response: initial evaluation, focuses directly on present threat- that is: irrelevant? benign or positive? dangerous or threatening?

secondary response: eval of our ability to cope with this stressor - damage caused and how to deal with the situation

68
Q

social support

A

perception or reality that one is a member of a supportive social network. support can be emotional, tangible, informational, or companionable.

69
Q

model of social support: buffering hypothesis

A

social support serves as a protective layer creating physiological distance between a persona and stressful events

70
Q

model of social support: direct effects hypothesis

A

provides better health and wellness benefits; healthier people are better able to manage stress.

71
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

theory suggests that we feel tension (dissonance) whenever we hold 2 thoughts or beliefs (cognitions) that are incompatible, or when our attitude and behaviors don’t match

MCAT (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions