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Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the theories of personality? (hint: 5)

A

openness to experience, conscientious, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

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2
Q

openness to experience

A

high: embraces new ideas, experiences; values differences in people
low: prefers familiarity over novelty; conservative; resistant to change

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3
Q

conscientiousness

A

high: values competence and order; manages time well; strives to achieve
low: disorganized; may not value status; can be irresponsible

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4
Q

extraversion

A

high: gregarious; outgoing; energized by social gatherings
low: prefers solitary activities; drained by social events

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5
Q

agreeableness

A

high: thinks of others; goes with the flow; does not demand attention
low: high maintenance; likely to hold strong opinions

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6
Q

neuroticism

A

high: high levels of negative emotions (anxiety, anger); can be impulsive
low: experience more positive emotions; copes well with stress

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7
Q

what does psychoanalytic theory assert?

A

that personality is shaped largely by the unconscious, this is the cause mental illness/neurosis due to conflict

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8
Q

who is the famous psychiatrist associated with psychoanalysis?

A

freud

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9
Q

what did Freud suggest motivated human behavior?

A

libido (life drive, pleasure, survival, avoidance of pain) and the death drive (drives dangerous or destructive behaviors)

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10
Q

Freud: ID

A

largely unconscious and responsible for our desire to avoid pain and seek pleasure (devel on one shoulder)

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11
Q

Freud: EGO

A

responsible for logical thinking and planning as we deal with reality

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12
Q

Freud: SUPEREGO

A

responsible for our moral judgments of right and wrong and strives for perfection (angel on one shoulder)

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13
Q

what are Freud’s psychosexual stages of development?

A 
oral
anal 
phallic 
latency 
genital
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14
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of development: ORAL

A

AGE: 0 - 1

EROGENOUS ZONE (TASKS): mouth (sucking, chewing, eating, biting, vocalizing)

SUCCESSFUL RESOLUTION: weaning

FIXATION: oral aggression (verbally abusive) or oral passivity (smoking, overeating)

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15
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of development: ANAL

A

AGE: 1 - 3

EROGENOUS ZONE: anus (bowel and bladder control)

SUCCESSFUL RESOLUTION: toilet training

FIXATION: anal retention (overly neat/tidy) or anal expulsion (disorganized)

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16
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of development: PHALLIC

A

AGE: 3 - 6

EROGENOUS ZONE: genitals (presence/absence of penis); Oedipus complex (males); Electra complex (females)

SUCCESSFUL RESOLUTION: gender identification

FIXATION: difficulty with intimate relationships

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17
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of development: LATENCY

A

AGE: 6 - 12

EROGENOUS ZONE: N/A (sexual feelings dormant during this stage)

SUCCESSFUL RESOLUTION: social interaction

FIXATION: arrested development

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18
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of development: GENITAL

A

AGE: 12+

EROGENOUS ZONE: other people’s genitals (reproduction and pleasure)

SUCCESSFUL RESOLUTION: intimate relationships

FIXATION: fixation in prior stage could result in sexual and intimacy issues

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19
Q

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development?

A 
trust vs mistrust 
autonomy vs shame 
intitiative vs guilt 
industry vs inferiority 
identity vs role confusion 
intimacy vs isolation 
generatiity vs stagnation 
integrity vs despair
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20
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development: MISTRUST VS TRUST

A

AGE: infancy

OUTCOMES: trust: infant’s needs are met; optimism; mistrust: infant’s needs are not met

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21
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development: AUTONOMY VS SHAME

A

AGE: early childhood

OUTCOMES: autonomy: children learn self-control; shame: children remain dependent

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22
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development: INITIATIVE VS GUILT

A

AGE: preschool age

OUTCOMES: initiative: children achieve purpose ; guilt: children are thwarted in efforts

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23
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development: INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY

A

AGE: school age

OUTCOMES: industry: children gain competence; inferiority: children feel incompetent

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24
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development: IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION

A

AGE: adolescence

OUTCOME: identity: adolescents learn sense of self; RC: adolescents lack own identity

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25
Erikson's psychosocial stages of development: INTIMACY VS ISOLATION
AGE: young adulthood OUTCOME: intimacy: YAs develop mature relationships; isolation: YAs are unable to create social ties
26
Erikson's psychosocial stages of development: GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION
AGE: middle age OUTCOME: generativity: adults contribute to others/society; stagnation: adults feel that life is meaningless
27
Erikson's psychosocial stages of development: INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR
AGE: later life OUTCOME: integrity: adults develop wisdom, re lifetime; despair: adults feel unaccomplished
28
Behaviorists: BF Skinner: thoughts on personality?
- a result of interaction between the individual and the environment - only observable/measurable behaviors are of interest - deterministic; people begin as black slates; then reinforcement and punishment COMPLETELY DETERMINE subsequent behavior and personalities
29
Humanistic psychology asserts what?
that humans are driven by an actualizing tendency to realize their highest potential, and personality conflicts arrive when this is somehow thwarted. - free will as a human being; not predetermined
30
Carl Rogers: instead of stages, how did he think humans developed?
progresses from undifferentiated to differentiated -main goal of development is the establishment of a differentiated self-concept
31
carl rogers would say self-actualization is accomplished how?
when parents exhibit unconditional positive regard. those raised with condition positive regard will only feel wort when they've met certain conditions
32
what is the social cognitive perspective?
personality is a result of reciprocal interactions among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors
33
what was a founder of the social cognitive perspective?
albert bandura
34
Albert Bandura: asserted?
patterns of behavior are learned not just through classical and operant condition, but also through observational learning cognitive processes are involved in both observational learning and the development of belief about self efficacy
35
observational learning
aka social learning; occurs through modeling
36
observational learning is a fundamental tenet of what?
social learning theory aka social cognitive theory
37
what is Albert bandura credited with?
the first to demonstrate observational learning experimentally in his famous bobo doll experiments AND later demonstrated vicarious reinforcement (children were more likely to imitate behaviors that others were rewarded for)
38
trait perspective
personality is a result of traits, which are habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion that rare relatively stable over time
39
cardinal traits
rare and develop later in life; they dominate an individual's whole life, often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits
40
central traits
general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality and describe people across different situations
41
secondary traits
sometimes related to attitudes or preferences; dependant on the situation
42
what is Hans Eysenck associated with?
trait theory; proposed that genetics primarily determine personality
43
Eysenck asserted?
personality traits are hierarchical, a few foundational traits giving rise to a large array of superficial traits - genetic differences determine personality traits - biological perspective - temperament and heritability studies provide empirical evidence for a genetic contribution to traits and personality
44
biological perspective
personality is the result of individual differences in brain biology
45
Behavioral Genetics:
a field in which variation among individuals are separated into genetic vs environmental components
46
Behavioral Genetics: Nature vs nurture
how much of the variation can be explained by differences in biology vs environment
47
Behavioral Genetics: shared environment
the environment shared by siblings reared in the same family
48
Behavioral Genetics: nonshared (or unique) environment
the environment unique to the individual
49
Behavioral Genetics: heritability
metric used to determine how much of a variation is caused by genetic differences
50
Behavioral Genetics Studies: 3 types
family, twin (identical), adoption
51
Motivation
driving force that causes us to act or behave in certain wars including; instincts, drives, needs, and arousal
52
Instincts
unlearned behaviors in fixed patterns throughout a species such as the desire to deal with a crying baby, curiosity about novel stimuli, affection for caretakers
53
drives
urges originating from physiological discomforts, such as hunger pangs or dry throat
54
needs
biological needs as well as "higher level" needs, like the need for love and belonging
55
arousal
restlessness, boredom, or curiosity may motivate behavior even when other needs are met
56
drive reduction theory
physiological need creates an aroused state that drives an organism to address that need by engaging in some behavior that will reduce the arousal
57
Abraham Maslow: what are the hierarchy of needs?
``` physiological needs (basic) safety needs love and belonging esteem needs self-actualization ```
58
emotion: components
physiological: arousal or excitation of our body's internal states cognitive: appraisal and interpretation of the situation behavioral: expressive behaviors that accompany the emotion
59
James- Lange Theory
stimulus, physiological response, emotion (physiological arousal CAUSES emotion)
60
Canon-Bard Theory
stimulus, physiological response + emotion (emotion and physiological arousal happen SIMULTANEOUSLY)
61
Schachter-Singer Theory
aka cognitive theory or 2 factor theory stimulus, physiological response, cognitive interpretation, emotion (emotion is determined by arousal AND CONTEXT)
62
optimal arousal theory (yerkes-Dodson law)
there is an optimal level of emotional arousal for performance
63
universal emotions
emotions expressed by all (normally developing) humans across all cultures
64
stress
events that pose a threat to our physical or mental well being
65
types of stressors?
significant life changes, catastrophe, ambient stressors, daily hassles
66
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis
KNOW THIS
67
cognitive appraisal of stress:
primary response: initial evaluation, focuses directly on present threat- that is: irrelevant? benign or positive? dangerous or threatening? secondary response: eval of our ability to cope with this stressor - damage caused and how to deal with the situation
68
social support
perception or reality that one is a member of a supportive social network. support can be emotional, tangible, informational, or companionable.
69
model of social support: buffering hypothesis
social support serves as a protective layer creating physiological distance between a persona and stressful events
70
model of social support: direct effects hypothesis
provides better health and wellness benefits; healthier people are better able to manage stress.
71
cognitive dissonance
theory suggests that we feel tension (dissonance) whenever we hold 2 thoughts or beliefs (cognitions) that are incompatible, or when our attitude and behaviors don't match

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