Psychology- 7/22 Flashcards
1
Q
Sensation
A
ENCODING of physical energy from the environment
2
Q
Perception
A
DECODING of sensations (selection, organization, interpretation)
3
Q
Psychophysics
A
study of how physical stimuli are translated into a psychological experience
4
Q
5 senses
A
vision, sound, taste, smell, and touch
5
Q
Agnosia
A
inability to process sensory information
6
Q
visual agnosia
A
cannot process vision
7
Q
speech agnosia
A
cannot process speech
8
Q
types of agnosia related to the occipitotemporal border
A
- visual agnosia
- speech agnosia
- facial agnosia
9
Q
Frontal Lobe
A
concentration, planning, problem-solving
involuntary movement
personality
language production
emotional reactions
speech
smell
10
Q
parietal lobe
A
touch, pressure
taste
body awareness
11
Q
temporal lobe
A
hearing
face recognition
language comprehension (Wernicke’s area)
12
Q
Occipital Lobe
A
visual processing
13
Q
cerebellum
A
coordination of movements
balance
motor memory
14
Q
kinesthesia (aka proprioception)
A
allows us to sense the position of our limbs in space as well as detect bodily movements
15
Q
mechanoreceptors
A
detect mechanical disturbances like pressure or distortion
16
Q
proprioceptors
A
respond to physical disturbances in the body
17
Q
thermoreceptors
A
communicate information about heat
18
Q
nociceptors
A
communicate info about pain
19
Q
weber’s law
A
2 stimuli must differ by a constant proportion, which varies by the type of stimulus but remains constant within a given stimulus
20
Q
weber’s law 2nd definition
A
size of the just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the original stimulus value
21
Q
signal detection theory
A
a method for quantifying a person’s ability to detect a given stimulus (the “signal”) amidst other, non-important stimuli (“noise”)
22
Q
signal detection theory: response present + stimulus present
A
hit
23
Q
signal detection theory: response absent + stimulus present
A
miss (type II error: false negative)
24
Q
signal detection theory: response present + stimulus absent
A
false alarm (type I error: false positive)
25
signal detection theory: response absent + stimulus absent
correct rejection
26
detecting the stimulus requires?
1. acquiring information
| 2. applying criteria
27
accuracy depends on two types of noise:
1. external and internal noise
28
modality
type of stimulus that is being detected; modality is communicated based on the type of receptor that is firing
29
location
communicated by the receptive field of the stimulus
30
intensity
how strong the stimulus is; encoded by the rate of firing of action potentials
31
duration
how long the stimulus is present
32
tonic receptors
generate action potentials as long as the stimulus is present
33
phasic receptors
fire only when the stimulus begins; communicate CHANGES in stimuli
34
feature detection theory
explains that certain parts of the brain are activated for specific visual stimuli
35
feature det4ector neurons
respond only to specific features of a visual stimulus such as its shape, angle, or motion
36
what does visual perception result from?
interaction of numerous specialized neural systems, each of which performs a specific, simple task.
37
Parallel processing
aspects of a visual stimulus (shape, color, motion, depth) are processed simultaneously rather than in a step-wise fashion (serial processing)
38
what are the 3 stages of perception?
1. stimulus (environment stimulus, attended stimulus, stimulus on receptors)
2. electrochemical processes (transduction, transmission, processing)
3. experience and action (perception, recognition, action)
39
bottom-up processing
starts with information from our sensory receptors and builds up to a final production in our brain; this type of processing assumes that we start with the details and end with a final representation in our mind
40
top-down processing
starts with a larger concept or idea and words down to the details; this type of processing assumes that we start with an idea about the final representation (which is influence by our knowledge, experiences, and expectations), and work down to the sensory details in our mind
41
perceptual organization
in order to transform sensory info into useful perceptions, we must organize it. we myst perceive objects as being separate from their environments and having constant form. we must also be able to detect motion and perceive distance
42
gestalt psychology
studies the predictable ways in which we organize sensory info (parts) into a meaningful pattern (whole) that we perceive
43
depth perception
ability to see objects in 3 dimensions despite the fact that images are imposed on the retina in only 2 dimensions. depth perception allows us to judge distance
44
binocular depth cues: there are 2, what are they?
retinal disparity and convergence
45
retinal disparity
thebrain compares th eimages projected onto the 2 retinas in order to perceive distance; the greater the diff between the 2 images, the shorter the distance
46
concvergence
extend to which the eyes turn inward when looking at an object the greater the angle of convergence or inward strain, the closer the object
47
monocular cues
depth cues that depend on info that is available to either eye alone
48
what are the monocular cues
relative size, interposition, relative clarity, texture gradient, relative height, linear perspective, light and shadow, relative motion
49
relative size
objects are assumed to be the same size, the one that casts the smaller image on the retina appears more distance
50
interposition
if one object blocks the view of another, we perceive it as closer
51
relative clarity
we perceive hazy objects as being more distant than sharp, clear objects
52
texture gradient
change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture indicates an increasing distance
53
relative height
we perceive objescts that are higher in the visual field as farther away
54
linear perspective
parallel lines appear to converge as distance increased; the greater the convergence, the greater the perceived distance
55
light and shadow
closer objects reflect more light than distance objects; the dimmer of 2 identical objects will seem farther away
56
relative motion
as we move, stable objects appear to move as well; objects that are near to us appear to move faster than objects that are farther away
57
perceptual constancy
we perceive an object as unchanging even as the illumination angle, and distance of the object change
58
shape constancy
familiar objects are perceived as having constant form despite changes in the images that are projected onto our retina
59
size constancy
we perceive objects as having a constant size even as the distance of the objects changes.
60
lightness(brightness0 constancy
we perceive objects as having a constant brightness despite changes in illumination
61
cocktail party effect
occurs when you filter out other convos until your names (or something equally salient) is mentioned, at which point your attention shifts to this other channel
62
schema
a mental framework that allows us to organize our experiences/stimuli and respond to new experiences/stimuli
63
Piaget's Stages: SENSORIMOTOR
| Age? Brief Description? Milestones?
age: 0 - 1.5/2
brief description: child experiences the world directly through senses and motor movement
Milestones: stranger anxiety, object permanence
64
Piaget's Stages: PREOPERATIONAL
| Age? Brief Description? Milestones?
age: 2 - 6/7
brief description: child can represent things with words and images, but uses intuitive (not logical) reasoning
milestones: symbolic thinking, centration, egocentrism
65
Piaget's Stages: CONCRETE OPERATIONAL
| Age? Brief Description? Milestones?
age: 7 - 11
brief description: child thinks logically / performs simple mental manipulations with concrete concepts
milestones: conservation
66
Piaget's Stages: FORMAL OPERATIONAL
| Age? Brief Description? Milestones?
age: 12 - adult
brief description: person can reason abstractly, solve hypothetical problems, deduce consequences, etc
milestones: abstract logic, moral reasoning
67
trial-and-error
attempting several potential solutions and ruling out those that do not work
68
algorithm
a step-by-step procedure that exhausts all possible options
69
insight
ah-ha experience
occurs when we puzzle over a problem and then the complete solution appears to come to us all at once
70
heuristic
mental rule-of-thumb, shortcut, or guideline
71
confirmation bias
occurs when we seek evidence to support our conclusions or ideas more than we seek evidence that will refute them; this also occurs when we interpret neutral or ambiguous evidence as supporting our beliefs
72
fixation
occurs when we have structured a problem in our mind a certain way, even if that way is ineffective, and are unable to restructure it; we are then unable to see the problem from a fresh perspective
73
functional fixedness
a mental bias that limits our view of how an object can be used, based on how that object is traditionally used
74
mental set
our tendency to approach situations in a certain way because that method worked for us in the past
75
availability heuristic
occurs when we rely on examples that immediately come to mind when we are trying to make a decision or judgment. By relying on what is just "available" in our minds, rather than doing actual research, we can overestimate the probability and likelihood of something happening
76
representativeness heuristic
occurs when we estimate the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype that already exists in our minds. Our prototype is what we think is the most relevant or typical example of a particular event or object
77
intelligence
can be broadly viewed as the ability to learn from experience and adapt to the environment
78
social intelligence
ability to manage and understand people
79
emotional intelligence
ability to monitor and discriminate emotions in order to guide thinking and action
80
fluid intelligence
reason abstractly, increased processing speed
81
crystallized int3lligence
accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
82
fixed mindset regarding intelligence
a belief that intelligence and abilities are static
83
growth mindset regarding intelligence
a belief that intelligence and bail can be developed through effort
84
language development: 4-6 months
infants babble using all sounds
85
language development: 6-9 months
babbling becomes more focused, sounds narrow
86
language development: 10-12 months
first words develop
87
language development: 18-24 months
toddlers begin using 2-word phrases (me up, get milk)
88
language development: 2-3 years
children begin using 3-word phrases in correct order with inflection
89
BF Skinner's Behaviorist Theory
posits that language develops through the associative learning principles of classical and, more importantly, operant conditioning
90
Noam Chomsky's Nativist Theory
proposes that infants are. born with the innate ability to use language. according to this theory, human brains have evolved a language acquisition device (lad) that is innately capable of understanding. a universal grammar common to all human languages. all normally-developing humans will automatically learn a language when exposed to it during a critical period that ends before puberty
91
language development: 4-5 years
children start speaking with very accurate syntax
92
language development: 5-7 years
children begin using and understanding more complex language
93
language development: 9 + years
children understand almost all forms of language
94
what happens if Broca's area is damaged?
non-fluent aphasia with intact comprehension
95
Broca's area
inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere, associated with language production
96
what happens if Wernicke's area is damaged?
results in fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension
97
Wernicke's area
posterior superior temporal gyrus, associated with understanding written and spoken language
98
linguistic relativity hypothesis
the principle holds that the different structures and vocabulary of different languages strongly affect the thinking of those who use these languages. in particular, experimental evidence suggests that linguistic differences in categorization (e.g., color categories) can influence the categorical perception of the speakers of those languages
99
linguistic determinism
language determines thought and emotions/feelings, and linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive categories
