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MCAT > Psych Class 6/30 > Flashcards

Psych Class 6/30 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Examples of functional techniques: imaging

A

PET, fMRI, EEG (measure what brain regions are doing)

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2
Q

Examples of structural techniques: imaging

A

MRI, CT scan (measure what the brain looks like)

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3
Q

Neural Plasticity

A

changes in the brain due to learning, thinking, behavior, emotions, etc. Change can occur from the cellular level to the anatomical level

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4
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

connections between neurons strengthen (what “fires together, wires together”)

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5
Q

what part of the brain is central to memory and learning?

A

hippocampus

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6
Q

encoding

A

transfer of sensations into our memory system

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7
Q

storage

A

retaining information in short-term or long-term memory

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8
Q

retrieval

A

extracting information that has been stored

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9
Q

Memory: Atkinson-Schiffrin (multi-store model)

A

sensory input, sensory memory, unattended information is lost OR sensory memory, attention, short-term memory (from here it can go 1 of 2 ways): if you keep maintenance rehearsal, memory will consolidate turning into long-term memory. If you do not rehearse, however, ST memory will be lost

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10
Q

Memory: Baddeley’s model of working memory

A

central executive phonological loop or visuospatial sketchpad or episodic buffer semantic verbal memory

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11
Q

Baddeley’s Model: central executive

A

responsible for the coordination of sub-systems, shifting between tasks, and selective attention and inhibition

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12
Q

Baddeley’s Model: phonological loop to semantic verbal memory

A

short-term phonological store, with auditory rehearsal

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13
Q

Baddeley’s Model: visuospatial sketchpad to sematic visual memory

A

temporary storage and manipulation of spatial and visual information

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14
Q

Baddeley’s Model: episodic buffer to episodic memory

A

information integration and linking to long term memory

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15
Q

encoding

A

process of transforming information into a form that is more easily stored in our brains

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16
Q

what are the 4 basic kinds of encoding?

A

semantic (meaning), acoustic (sound), visual (images), and elaborative (association with previous long-term memories)

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17
Q

rehearsal

A

repetition of information leading to increased retention

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18
Q

chunking

A

grouping related info together into chunks

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19
Q

elaboration

A

intertwining info to be remembered with well-entrenched pre-existing long term spatial, visual, acoustic, or semantic memories

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20
Q

self-reference

A

making info to be remembered personally relevant

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21
Q

spacing

A

memory works better when reviewed material is spaced out over time

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22
Q

mnemonics

A

any technique for improving retention of information

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23
Q

how quickly does sensory memory decay?

A

iconic < 1 sec, echoic 2-4 sec

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24
Q

short term memory: what is miller’s magic number? aka rehearsal bugger capacity

A

7 +/- 2

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25
Q

how quickly does short-term memory decay?

A

25-30 sec

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26
Q

long term memory: does it have an upper limit capacity? how long does it decay?

A

no known upper limit

permanent storage

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27
Q

encoding into STM is primarily?

A

acoustic

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28
Q

encoding into LTM is primarily?

A

semantic

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29
Q

LTM: explicit memory

A

declarative memory, conscious recall

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30
Q

LTM: explicit memory: episodic memory

A

events you have personally experienced

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31
Q

LTM: explicit memory: semantic memory

A

your general knowledge of facts, information

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32
Q

LTM: implicit memory

A

nondeclarative memory, no conscious recall

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33
Q

LTM: implicit memory: procedural memory

A

learning motor skills, physical actions

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34
Q

LTM: implicit memory: other than procedural, what are the 2 other forms?

A

classical conditioning and priming

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35
Q

retrieval cue

A

any stimulus that assists in memory retrieval

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36
Q

priming

A

occurs when exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus

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37
Q

does positive primary speed up or slow down processing?

A

speed up

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38
Q

does negative priming slow down processing?

A

yes

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39
Q

context-dependent memroy (context effect)

A

we are better at retrieving info in the same environmental context in which the info was learned

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40
Q

state-dependent memory (state dependency effect)

A

we are better at remembering when we are in the same internal (drug, comfort, pain, mood, etc) that we were in when the info was encoded

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41
Q

Stroop Effect

A

Decreased speed in naming the color of ink–shows that reading is an automated process that interferes with task

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42
Q

retrieval

A

process of finding info stored in memory

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43
Q

free recall example

A

trivia question

44
Q

recognition example

A

multiple choice

45
Q

dual coding theory

A

the theory that holds that the combination of words with visuals provides us with two different channels for later recall, which assists in memory retrieval. thus, learning works better when words are presented with relevant images or such images are imagined by the learner

46
Q

flashbulb memory

A

people can (or at least claim to) remember great detail about their episodic memories of particularly emotionally arousing events, such as 9/11

47
Q

eidetic memory (photographic memory)

A

ability to vividly recall images from memory after only a few instances of exposure with high precision for a brief time after exposure without using a mnemonic device

48
Q

reproductive memory

A

accurate retrieval of information from memory, w/o significant alteration

49
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time, such as remembering to do your next assignment before our next class

50
Q

levels of processing model

A

focusses on the DEPTH OF PROCESSING involved in memory; predict the deeper info is processed, the longer a memory trace will last

51
Q

reminiscence bump

A

older adults generally remember events they experienced from 10 to 30 years old better than any other time period, including more recent time periods

52
Q

practice effects

A

the improvement that would be expected to occur simply from repeated exposure to a specific memory test. this is important to consider when longitudinally testing a subject with a progressively debilitating memory disorder using the same memory test

53
Q

method of loci

A

method of memory retention in which the individual uses visualized spatial info (such as a street on the way to their home) to recall lists of words to be memorized. also known as memory journey, memory palace, or mind palace.

54
Q

peg words

A

memory technique in which an individual connects words to numbers and creates an association to improve retention. the item-number pairs often rhyme to assist in recollection

55
Q

intrusion errors

A

substitution of an often semantically meaningful word during free and serial recall of word lists

56
Q

reconstructive process

A

each time a memory is retrieved, the memory trace is strengthened, but also potentially altered

57
Q

can intrusion errors occur in episodic memories?

A

yes, when info that is consistent but did not actually occur is appended during memory retrieval…this is due to retrieval of both related episodes and generic info previously stored that is consistent with that type of event

58
Q

displacement

A

occurs in short-term memory when one item in the list to be remembered bumps out another. most people can store 7 +/- 2 items in STM

59
Q

interference

A

when competing for material makes it more difficult to encode or retrieve information

60
Q

proactive interference

A

PROactive = PRio interferes: prior learning interferes with new learning

61
Q

retroactive interference

A

REtroactive = REcent interference; recent learning interferes with old learning

62
Q

semantic memory improves until what age?

A

60, then stabilizes

63
Q

does emotional intelligence improve with age?

A

yes

64
Q

with age, what occurs to implicit memory and crystallized intelligence?

A

they stabilize

crystallization intelligence (ability to retrieve general info)

65
Q

what declines with age?

A

episodic memory, source memory, divided attention, an operational span in working memory, and processing speed

66
Q

source monitoring errors

A

misidentifying the origins of our knowledge. also called source amnesia. source information is stored in our source memory

67
Q

false memories

A

an invented or distorted recollection of an episodic event that did not actually happen. which and how many adult manifested memories of child abuse are truly recovered memories that had been previously repressed or dissociated and which and how many are false memories is a subject of great controversy

68
Q

misinformation effect

A

when episodic memories become less accurate because post-event info works backward in time to distort the memory of the original event through retroactive interference

69
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

loss of the ability to create new (anterograde) memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact

70
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of access to retrograde memories (events that occurred or info that was learned) before the onset of a disease

71
Q

korsakoff’s syndrome

A

chronic memory disorder caused by a severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1), most commonly caused by alcohol misuse

72
Q

nonassociative learning

A

when an organism changes the magnitude of its response due to the repeated exposure to a particular stimulus

73
Q

habituation

A

getting used to a repeated stimulus

74
Q

dishabituation

A

occurs when an organism that had become habituated to a stimulus recovers its responsiveness bc of the removal of the stimulus and/or the experience of a different stimulus

75
Q

sensitization

A

occurs when instead of exhibiting habituation, the organism demonstrates increasing responsiveness to a repeated stimulus; usually associated with increased arousal

76
Q

classical conditioning (associative learning)

A

process in which 2 stimuli are. paired in such a way that the response to one of the stimuli changes. closely connected to the behaviorist perspective

77
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

described CC with famous dog experiment:

  1. ) Present dogs with food (unconditioned stimulus), they begin to salivate (unconditioned response) (
  2. present dogs with food along with bell (neutral stimulus), they still salivate in response to the food
  3. over time, the bell (conditioned stimulus), will produce salivation (conditioned response) even w/o food
  4. the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus when it alone can elicit the conditioned response
78
Q

generalization

A

occurs when stimuli other than the original conditioned stimulus elicit the conditioned response

79
Q

discrimination

A

occurs when the conditioned stimulus is distinguished from other similar stimuli and is the only thing that elicits the conditioned response

80
Q

operant conditioning (associative learning)

A

process in which reinforcement (pleasurable consequences) and punishment (unpleasant consequences) are employed to mold behavioral responses

81
Q

operant conditioning: BF skinner, experiment?

A

invented the skinner box to test how animal behavior can be conditioned with reinforcement and punishment

82
Q

reinforcement

A

anything that increases the likelihood of the desired behavior

83
Q

punishment

A

anything that decreases the likelihood of the undesired behavior

84
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

ADDS something desirable to INCREASE likelihood of behavior happening again

ex: prize, money, food

85
Q

Positive Punishment

A

ADDS something undesirable to DECREASE likelihood of behavior happening again

86
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

TAKES AWAY something undesirable to INCREASE the likelihood of behavior again

87
Q

Negative Punishment

A

TAKES AWAY something desirable to DECREASE likelihood of behavior happening again

88
Q

dopamine reward pathway

A

reward pathway begins in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and connects to the nucleus accumbens

rewards activate this pathway and lead to dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens

addictive drugs stimulate the release of dopamine in the NA

89
Q

Primary reinforcement

A

something that is innately desirable

ex: food

90
Q

Primary punishment

A

something that is innately undesirable

ex: pain

91
Q

Secondary Reinforcement

A

something that has been conditioned to be desirable (had to learn the value)

ex: money, good grades

92
Q

Secondary Punishment

A

something that has been conditioned to be undesirable (learned bad happening)

ex: bad grade, docked pay, losing a promotion

93
Q

token economy

A

system in which behaviors are reinforced with tokens (secondary reinforcers) and can later be exchanged for desirable stimuli, such as playing time, screen time, or toys

94
Q

variable ratio ***

A

provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of behaviors

ex: gambling

produces the most durable behaviors

95
Q

fixed ratio

A

provides reinforcement after a set number of behaviors

ex: every fifth sub free

96
Q

variable interval

A

provides reinforcement after an inconsistent period of time

ex: fishing with a limit

97
Q

fixed interval

A

provides reinforcement after a consistent period of time

ex: weekly allowance

98
Q

continuous

A

the reinforcer is given after every single response

response rate: slow
extinction rate: fast

best way to teach a new behavior, but fastest rate of extinction

99
Q

acquisition

A

describes the process in which the rate of the reinforced response increases

100
Q

extinction

A

refers to the decrease in the rate of previously reinforced responses when reinforced ceases

101
Q

extinction burst

A

increase in response rate that typically occurs when a previously reinforced response is initially no longer paired with any reinforcement; especially likely to occur when continuous reinforcement is removed abruptly, as demonstrated by what you do first when your remote does not respond

102
Q

shaping

A

rewarding of successive, close approximations of the desired behavior

103
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

the stimulus that increases responses when present because the subject has learned that this stimulus signals more likely reinforcement

104
Q

insight learning

A

aha experience

process in which the solution to a problem suddenly comes to us in what might be described as a “flash of insight”

person: Wolfgang Kohler

105
Q

latent learning

A

process in which learning occurs without any immediate expression or obvious reinforcement; later, when helpful, this learning demonstrates itself.

MCAT (6 decks)

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