Biology

Question 1

Where does Beta oxidation occur?

Answer 1

in the mitochondria

Question 2

what occurs in beta oxidation?

Answer 2

the catabolism of fatty acids to produce energy

Question 3

what kind of fatty acids are completely degraded in beta oxidation?

Answer 3

saturated fatty acids

Question 4

what is the total yield of beta oxidation?

Answer 4

FADH2 1.5 ATP
NADH 2.5 ATP
Acetyl CoA 10 ATP
Total: 14 ATP

Question 5

the products of beta oxidation feed into what other metabolic pathway?

Answer 5

either the Kreb’s cycle or the ETC

Question 6

what are the factors that affect membrane fluidity and rigidity?

Answer 6

1. increased fatty aid tail length
2. increased fatty acid saturation (fewer unsaturated FA & more saturated FA)
3. increased lipid raft content
4. increased integral protein content

Question 7

what’s the equation for osmotic pressure?

Answer 7

P = IMRT

M = molarity of a dissolved solute 
R = the ideal gas constant 
T = temperature 
i = Van't Hoff factor

Question 8

what is the Van’t Hoff factor?

Answer 8

the number of particles obtained when a molecule is dissolved in solution

Question 9

in what direction does water travel in regards to osmotic pressure?

Answer 9

water travels from a solution of low osmotic pressure to a solution of high osmotic pressure

Question 10

what is an antiport?

Answer 10

proteins that carry molecules in opposite directions

Question 11

what is a symport?

Answer 11

proteins that carry molecules in the same direction

Question 12

In the human body, which of the following solutes typically only enters a cell through PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT?

a. steroids
b. glucose
c. K+ ions
d. water

Answer 12

ANS: K+ ions

1. steroids are hydrophobia and will simply diffuse through the cell membrane
2. glucose typically enters a cell through a passive GLUT transporter without any energy expenditure
3. water molecules enter a cell through aquaporins by osmosis (passively)

Question 13

what does PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT mean?

Answer 13

transport characterized by the expenditure of energy

Question 14

how do primary active transport and secondary active transport differ?

Answer 14

one is powered by ATP and the other by the establishment of a concentration gradient

1. primary = uses energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to power the transport of 1 or more molecules against its concentration gradient
2. secondary = uses energy released from the movement of one solute down its concentration gradient to drive the movement of another solute against its concentration gradient

Question 15

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

Answer 15

1. they support the nuclear envelope
2. they play an accessory role in cell-cell adhesion
3. they help absorb mechanical stress on the cell

Question 16

what are intermediate filaments?

Answer 16

rigid structural proteins which assist in helping the cell resist mechanical stress