Psychology Ch. 7-9

Question 1

Acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information and behaviors

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

The key to learning is _____________. We learn by ___________.

Answer 2

Experience; Association

Question 3

Learning that certain events occur together

Answer 3

Associative Learning

Question 4

Who were the four pioneers of learning?

Answer 4

Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Bandura

Question 5

A type of learning where one learns to link two+ stimuli and anticipate events.

Answer 5

Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

Question 6

Any event of situation that evokes a response.

Answer 6

Stimuli

Question 7

In classical conditioning, when does the stimulus occur?

Answer 7

The stimulus occurs before the response.

Question 8

What kind of experiment did Ivan Pavlov do using classical conditioning?

Answer 8

He did the dog salivation experiment, where he would strike a tuning fork before he gave dogs food, and eventually, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the tone in anticipation of food.

Question 9

Conditioned is to learned as unconditioned is to

Answer 9

unlearned.

Question 10

As a behaviorist, what did John B. Watson believe? What experiment is he known for?

Answer 10

He believed that behaviors are more important than thoughts, feelings, and motives. He was the one who did the experiment with Little Albert and the rats and loud noise.

Question 11

A type of conditioning where one’s behavior determines the outcome.

Answer 11

Operant Conditioning

Question 12

A subject is more likely to repeat rewarded behavior and less likely to repeat what?

Answer 12

Punished Behavior

Question 13

In operant conditioning, when does the stimulus occur?

Answer 13

The stimulus occurs after the response.

Question 14

What operant conditioning experiment did B.F. Skinner do?

Answer 14

The ‘Skinner Box’; where he would put a lever or key in a box with a pigeon or a rat and should they acquire the key or push the lever, they would be rewarded.

Question 15

Procedure in which rewards guide one to a desired behavior.

Answer 15

Shaping

Question 16

Any event that increases the frequency of a response/behavior it follows.

Answer 16

Reinforcement

Question 17

Strengthens a response/behavior by presenting a positive stimulus after.

Answer 17

Positive Reinforcement

Question 18

Strengthens a response/behavior by removing/reducing a negative stimulus after.

Answer 18

Negative Reinforcement

Question 19

An event or consequence that decreases the frequency of a behavior

Answer 19

Punishment

Question 20

Children learn by observation, and we learn/imitate other’s behaviors, are statements of what type of learning?

Answer 20

Observational Learning (Albert Bandura)

Question 21

A behavior where when we look, we learn.

Answer 21

Modeling

Question 22

An experiment where kids saw adults being aggressive, leading the child to punch a toy in anger.

Answer 22

The Bobo Doll experiment

Question 23

Positive, helpful behavior

Answer 23

Prosocial behavior

Question 24

negative, harmful behavior

Answer 24

Antisocial behavior

Question 25

Our ability to encode, store, and retrieve information indicating that learning has persisted over time.

Answer 25

Memory

Question 26

What are the three measures of retention?

Answer 26

Recall, Recognition, Relearning

Question 27

Retrieving information learned earlier. Ex: fill in the blank

Answer 27

Recall

Question 28

Identifying information learned earlier Ex: multiple-choice

Answer 28

Recognition

Question 29

Learning something more quickly the second time

Answer 29

Relearning

Question 30

According to Herman Ebbinghaus (nonsense syllable experiment), what determines the amount of material remembered?

Answer 30

The time spent learning and the personalization of the material.

Question 31

Putting information into the brain

Answer 31

Encode

Question 32

Retaining stored information in the brain

Answer 32

Storage

Question 33

Getting the informatio nout of the brain

Answer 33

Retreival

Question 34

The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model includes what? What was included in the updated model?

Answer 34

Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, Long-Term Memory; Working Memory

Question 35

Very brief recording of sensory information into the memory system

Answer 35

Sensory-Memory

Question 36

Holds a few items briefly before it is stored or forgotten

Answer 36

Short-Term Memory

Question 37

Permanant and limitless storehouse for late retrieval.

Answer 37

Long-Term Memory

Question 38

Short-term memory includes visual and auditory rehearsal of new information

Answer 38

Working Memory

Question 39

Encoding by image

Answer 39

Visual Encoding

Question 40

Encoding by sound

Answer 40

Acoustic Encoding

Question 41

Encoding by meaning

Answer 41

Semantic Encoding

Question 42

Occurs without conscious rehearsal

Answer 42

Automatic processing

Question 43

Encoding that requires attention and conscious repetition

Answer 43

Effortful processing

Question 44

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations.

Answer 44

Implicit Memory

Question 45

Memory of facts of previously learned material. (AKA declarative memory: the president's name, address, DOB, etc.)

Answer 45

Explicit Memory

Question 46

Memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Answer 46

Mnemonic Devices

Question 47

Distributed Study or practice yields better long-term retention than cramming.

Answer 47

The Spacing Effect

Question 48

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units which enhances recall.

Answer 48

Chunking

Question 49

Visually associates peg words with to be remembered items.

Answer 49

Peg Words

Question 50

Momentary (3-4 seonds) memory of auditory stimuli

Answer 50

Echoic memory

Question 51

Momentary memory (a few tenths of a second) of visual stimuli

Answer 51

Iconic Memory

Question 52

Part of the limbic system that plays a vital role in processing explicit memory for storage.

Answer 52

Hippocampus

Question 53

Neutral storage of Long-Term memory, sleep supports this

Answer 53

Memory consolidation

Question 54

Unconscious activations of particular associations in memory

Answer 54

Priming

Question 55

What causes forgetting?

Answer 55

Encoding failure, retrieval failure, storage decay

Question 56

Eerie sense that one has been in the exact situation before

Answer 56

Deja vu

Question 57

When you know the answer but just don't know how to express the answer, forgetting it's name. When given a retrieval cue, you can recall it.

Answer 57

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon.

Question 58

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Answer 58

Cognition

Question 59

A mental grouping of similar objects, ideas or people.

Answer 59

Concepts

Question 60

The best example or model of a particular category

Answer 60

Prototype

Question 61

Coping with novel situations for which we have no established response

Answer 61

Solving Problems

Question 62

Ways to solve a problem...

Answer 62

Trial and error, algorithm (step by step), Heuristics (rule of thumb 'if it worked in the past, it will work now'), Insight (inspiration).

Question 63

eagerness to search for information that supports m preconceptions, ignoring contrary evidence.

Answer 63

Conformation bias

Question 64

Inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective

Answer 64

Fixation

Question 65

Solutions that worked in the past may work on new problems.

Answer 65

Mental set

Question 66

______________ makes it very difficult to find creative solutions.

Answer 66

Stress and tension.

Question 67

Tendency to be more confident that correct

Answer 67

overconfidence

Question 68

Tendency to perceive the functions of an object as fixed and unchanging.

Answer 68

Functional Fixedness

Question 69

immediate, automatic, and effortless thought or feeling without conscious reasoning.

Answer 69

Intuition

Question 70

Spoken, written, or signed words and how we combine them as we think and communicate.

Answer 70

Language

Question 71

Small, distinctive sound units of a language

Answer 71

Phonomes

Question 72

Smallest unit of language that carries meaning, (I, at, is, in, do, etc.)

Answer 72

Morpheme

Question 73

A system of rules enabling us to speak to and understand others.

Answer 73

Grammar

Question 74

Part of the brain that controls language expression and speaking words

Answer 74

Broca's area

Question 75

Part of the brain that deals with language reception and comprehension

Answer 75

Wernicke's Area

Question 76

Impairment of language usually caused by damage to the left hemisphere of the brain

Answer 76

Aphasia

Question 77

The mental potential to learn from experience, solve problems, use knowledge to adopt to new situations.

Answer 77

Intelligence

Question 78

Test intended to predict the ability to learn a new skill. Ex: SAT

Answer 78

Aptitude Test

Question 79

Test intended to reflect/assess what one has learned. EX: ACT

Answer 79

Achievement Test

Question 80

Test that measures overall cognitive abilities and intellectual functioning. EX: WISC, WAIS

Answer 80

IQ Test

Question 81

A principle of test construction that gives defining, meaningful scores relative to a pretested group.

Answer 81

Standardized

Question 82

A principle of test construction that says the test must yield dependably consistent scores.

Answer 82

Reliability

Question 83

A principle of test construction that measures what it is supposed to measure

Answer 83

Validity

Question 84

On the IQ scale, what percent of the population is between 85 and 115?

Answer 84

68%

Question 85

Those (1% of population) with an IQ less than 70 and have difficulty living independently have...

Answer 85

Intelectual disability

Question 86

Those with an IQ over 130 and are well adjusted socially as well as academically successful.

Answer 86

Intellectually Gifted

Question 87

Those with remarkable memory skills and exhibit exceptional skill in a certain area. They also have developmental deficits, and significant mental disabilities.

Answer 87

Savants; "Rainman Syndrome"

Question 88

Narrowing the solutions to a problem to determine a single best solution

Answer 88

Convergent thinking

Question 89

Expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem

Answer 89

Divergent thinking

Question 90

The ability to produce ideas that are new and valuable

Answer 90

Creativity

Question 91

5 Components to creativity

Answer 91

Expertise, Imagination, Adventuresome personality, Intrinsic motivation, Creative environment