Psychology Ch. 7-9 Flashcards
Acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information and behaviors
Learning
The key to learning is _____________. We learn by ___________.
Experience; Association
Learning that certain events occur together
Associative Learning
Who were the four pioneers of learning?
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Bandura
A type of learning where one learns to link two+ stimuli and anticipate events.
Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
Any event of situation that evokes a response.
Stimuli
In classical conditioning, when does the stimulus occur?
The stimulus occurs before the response.
What kind of experiment did Ivan Pavlov do using classical conditioning?
He did the dog salivation experiment, where he would strike a tuning fork before he gave dogs food, and eventually, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the tone in anticipation of food.
Conditioned is to learned as unconditioned is to
unlearned.
As a behaviorist, what did John B. Watson believe? What experiment is he known for?
He believed that behaviors are more important than thoughts, feelings, and motives. He was the one who did the experiment with Little Albert and the rats and loud noise.
A type of conditioning where one’s behavior determines the outcome.
Operant Conditioning
A subject is more likely to repeat rewarded behavior and less likely to repeat what?
Punished Behavior
In operant conditioning, when does the stimulus occur?
The stimulus occurs after the response.
What operant conditioning experiment did B.F. Skinner do?
The ‘Skinner Box’; where he would put a lever or key in a box with a pigeon or a rat and should they acquire the key or push the lever, they would be rewarded.
Procedure in which rewards guide one to a desired behavior.
Shaping
Any event that increases the frequency of a response/behavior it follows.
Reinforcement
Strengthens a response/behavior by presenting a positive stimulus after.
Positive Reinforcement
Strengthens a response/behavior by removing/reducing a negative stimulus after.
Negative Reinforcement
An event or consequence that decreases the frequency of a behavior
Punishment
Children learn by observation, and we learn/imitate other’s behaviors, are statements of what type of learning?
Observational Learning (Albert Bandura)
A behavior where when we look, we learn.
Modeling
An experiment where kids saw adults being aggressive, leading the child to punch a toy in anger.
The Bobo Doll experiment
Positive, helpful behavior
Prosocial behavior
negative, harmful behavior
Antisocial behavior
Our ability to encode, store, and retrieve information indicating that learning has persisted over time.
Memory
What are the three measures of retention?
Recall, Recognition, Relearning
Retrieving information learned earlier. Ex: fill in the blank
Recall
Identifying information learned earlier Ex: multiple-choice
Recognition
Learning something more quickly the second time
Relearning
According to Herman Ebbinghaus (nonsense syllable experiment), what determines the amount of material remembered?
The time spent learning and the personalization of the material.
Putting information into the brain
Encode
Retaining stored information in the brain
Storage
Getting the informatio nout of the brain
Retreival
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model includes what? What was included in the updated model?
Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, Long-Term Memory; Working Memory
Very brief recording of sensory information into the memory system
Sensory-Memory
Holds a few items briefly before it is stored or forgotten
Short-Term Memory
