Psychology Ch. 6/3 Flashcards
1
Q
Refers to how our sense receptors and nervous system represent our external environment
A
Sensation
2
Q
This type of processing begins with sense receptors and works up to higher processing regions
A
Bottom-Up Processing
3
Q
Refers to how we mentally organize and interpret sensory information
A
Perception
4
Q
Type of processing in which we create meaning from sensory input by drawing on our experiences and expectations, (info processing).
A
Top-down processing
5
Q
Three Steps to all sensory systems
A
Receive, Deliver, Transform
6
Q
Converting one form of energy into another that our brain can use
A
Transduction
7
Q
A point at which we detect a stimulus 50% of the time
A
Absolute threshold
8
Q
The point where we detect a stimulus less than 50% of the time
A
Subliminal
9
Q
Unconscious activation of certain associations
A
Priming
10
Q
The ‘just noticeable difference’. The minimum difference a person can detect in any two stimuli, 50% of the time.
A
Difference threshold
11
Q
Our diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus
A
Sensory Adaptation
12
Q
Distance from one wave peak to the next, determines HUE
A
Wavelength
13
Q
The amount of energy in light wave, determines by amplitude, influences BRIGHTNESS
A
Wave Intensity
14
Q
The eye’s small opening
A
Pupil
15
Q
A melanin colored muscle that dilates or constricts the pupil
A
Iris
16
Q
Part of the eye that focuses incoming rays
A
Lens
17
Q
Multilayered tissue lining the back of the eye
A
Retina
18
Q
Detects black, white, and grey, is light sensitive and dull
A
Rods
19
Q
Detects color and fine detail, functional in daylight
A
Cones
20
Q
Nerve that carries information to the brain (occipital lobe)
A
Optic nerve
21
Q
Where the optic nerve leaves the eye, no receptor cells here.
A
Blind Spot
22
Q
Near is clear, far is blurry
A
Myopia (Nearsightedness)
23
Q
Near is blurry, far is clear
A
Presbyopia (Farsightedness)
24
Q
Decreased ability to see color differences
A
Color-Vision Deficiency
25
What is the stimuli for hearing?
Sound waves
26
What do amplitude and frequency determine for SOUND
Amp: Loudness, Frequency: Pitch
27
What makes up the outer ear?
The auditory canal and the eardrum
28
What makes up the Middle ear?
Hammer, anvil, and stirrup bones (they move like a piston)
29
What makes up the Inner ear?
Cochlea, oval window, basilar membrane, then eventually the auditory complex.
30
Damage to the cochleas’s receptor cells or damage to the auditory nerves due to disease, aging, prolonged exposure to loud noises, or congenital defects.
Nerve Deafness
31
Mechanical device that translates sounds into electrical signals.
Cochlear implant
32
damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea due to earwax, ruptured eardrum, cysts, tumors, etc.
Conduction hearing loss
33
Four sensations of touch:
Pressure, Warmth, Cold, Pain
34
The Five Tastes:
Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, and Umami (Savory).
35
How many smell receptors are located at the top of each nasal cavity?
5 million
36
Smell receptor cells send messages to the olfactory bulb and ultimately the…
Temporal Lobe
37
The sense of position and movement of individual body parts
Kinesthesia
38
Motion sensors are found where?
In muscles, tendons, and joints
39
Sense of position and movement of individual body parts, including BALANCE
Vestibular Sense
40
Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another, influences by experiences, expectation, context, and emotion.
Perceptual Set
41
Organizing and interpreting sensory information
Perception
42
Organizing pieces of information into a whole
Gestalt
43
1st Task of Perception: To perceive any object as distinct from its surroundings.
Figure/Ground
44
2nd Task of Perception: Organizing the figure into a meaningful form
Grouping
45
Group nearby figures together
Proximity
46
Group together figures that are the same
Similarity
47
Perceive smooth and continuity us lines and patters rather than discontinuous ones
Continuity
48
Filling in gaps to create a whole
Closure
49
Perceive spots, lines, or areas as a dingle unit when linked and uniform
Connectedness
50
Allows us to estimate and judge the distance an object is from us
Depth perception
51
6-14 mo. Children were reluctant to cross a glass barrier in the _____________ ______________ experiment
Visual Cliff
52
Depth using both eyes
Binocular cues
53
The greater the difference the retina receive of an object, the closer it is to us
Retinal Disparity
54
Muscular cue that indicates the extent to high the eyes move inward
Convergence
55
Depth cues available to each eye separately
Monocular Cues
56
The ability to perceive object as unchanging while stimuli from it change
Perceptual Constancy
57
Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment
Consciousness
58
Awareness focuses only on a particular stimulus
Selective attention
59
Attending to one voice in a crowd of many voices
Cocktail Party Effect
60
Occurs without our awareness, taking care of routine business
Unconscious processing
61
The study of brain activity linked with our mental process.
Cognitive Neuroscience
62
occurs when there’s synchronized activity across the brain
Conscious experience
63
Failing to see visible object when our attention is directed elsewhere (Gorilla)
Inattentional Blindness
64
Failing to notices obvious changes in the environment
Change blindness
65
28% if traffic accidents are due to what?
A distracted driver talking or texting on the phone.
66
Can Hands-Free calls be more distracting that talking to a passenger? If so, why?
Yes, the passenger is another set of eyes that can see driving demands, surroundings, and able to pause the conversation.
67
The internal biological clock
Circadian Rhythm
68
Improves performance throughout the day (Usually college age)
Night Owl
69
Declined performance throughout the day (Usually older adults)
Morning Lark
70
Sleep Stage 1: Only lasts a few minutes. Breathing and brainwaves and heart rate decrease, muscles relax, fantastic images flash across eyes, hypnogogic sensations like body jerks occur.
NREM-1
71
Sleep Stage 2: Lasts about 20 minutes. Experiences sleep spindles (bursts of brainwave activity), can be awakened with little difficulty, clearly asleep.
NREM-2
72
Sleep Stage 3: Lasts about 30 mins. Very deeps sleep, hard to awaken, may talk, walk, or text unconsciously, children may wet the bed.
NREM-3
73
Sleep Stage 4: For about 10 mins, brainwaves become rapid. Every thirty seconds, eyes dart with activity. Genital arousal occurs even if dreams aren’t sexual. Occasional twitch, but essentially paralyzed. SLower eye movements signal the beginning of a dream, and cannot be awakened easily. Paradoxical sleep, internally the body is aroused but externally the body is calm. Vivid dreams occur.
REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
74
How long is an average sleep cycle?
90 minutes
75
As the sleep cycle continues, how are the stages affected?
NREM-3 gets briefer and REM and NREM-2 get longer.
76
BY morning, 20-25% of the night’s sleep was spent in this stage.
REM
77
What does sleep do for the body?
Protects, helps us recuperate, consolidates memories, enhances creativity, supports, growth.
78
This results in impaired creativity and concentration. Also, an increased vulnerability to sickness, fatigue, weight gain, and depression.
Sleep Deprivation
79
Recurring problems falling and staying asleep.
Insomnia
80
Condition in which a person will randomly stop breathing during sleep, they snort awake and wakes untested.
Sleep Apnea
81
These usually occur in children and in the first few hours of sleep in NREM-3. They appear terrified and they scream wildly. They can sit up, walk around, and talk incoherently. Their heart rate and breathing double, and they seldom awaken fully and recall nothing of the event in the morning.
Night Terrors
82
Condition in which periodic and overwhelming sleepiness occurs, and they fall directly into REM sleep for a few minutes. Often triggered by strong emotions, and results in a loss of muscle control. Treatments include stimulants or SSRI.
Narcolepsy
83
How many years of our life do we spend dreaming?
About 6 years
84
When the dreamer is aware they they are in a dream and they gain a level of control over the dream
Lucid Dreams
85
What sensory stimuli do we incorporate into our dreams?
Sound and Smell
86
Zoning out into thinking about life details, finishing a task, what to say to someone, relishing positive moments and regretting negative moments, etc.
Daydreaming
87
Chemicals that change perceptions and moods
Psychoactive Drugs
88
Continues drug use despite significant life disruption
Substance use Disorder
89
Requiring larger and larger doses of a drug before experiencing its effect.
Tolerance
90
Craving of drugs, gambling, social media, porn, etc. despite knowing the adverse consequences.
Addiction
91
Physiological discomfort, craving for a drug, emotional distress after quitting a drug.
Withdrawal
92
Type of drug that reduces neural activity and slows bodily functions. Ex: alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers), and opiates (morphine and heroin).
Depressants
93
Type of drug that excites neural activity and quickens bodily functions, reduces appetites and increases energy and confidence. EX: Methamphetamines (blue, crystal, ice, speed, meth, etc.) caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy (MDMA, molly)
Stimulants
94
Type of drug that distorts perception, evokes a sensory image in the absence of sensory input (hallucinations). EX: marijuana (THC lingers for a week), ecstasy (mild hallucinogen) (causes dehydration)
Hallucinogens
