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psychology > Psychology Ch. 6/3 > Flashcards

Psychology Ch. 6/3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Refers to how our sense receptors and nervous system represent our external environment

A

Sensation

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2
Q

This type of processing begins with sense receptors and works up to higher processing regions

A

Bottom-Up Processing

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3
Q

Refers to how we mentally organize and interpret sensory information

A

Perception

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4
Q

Type of processing in which we create meaning from sensory input by drawing on our experiences and expectations, (info processing).

A

Top-down processing

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5
Q

Three Steps to all sensory systems

A

Receive, Deliver, Transform

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6
Q

Converting one form of energy into another that our brain can use

A

Transduction

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7
Q

A point at which we detect a stimulus 50% of the time

A

Absolute threshold

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8
Q

The point where we detect a stimulus less than 50% of the time

A

Subliminal

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9
Q

Unconscious activation of certain associations

A

Priming

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10
Q

The ‘just noticeable difference’. The minimum difference a person can detect in any two stimuli, 50% of the time.

A

Difference threshold

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11
Q

Our diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

A

Sensory Adaptation

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12
Q

Distance from one wave peak to the next, determines HUE

A

Wavelength

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13
Q

The amount of energy in light wave, determines by amplitude, influences BRIGHTNESS

A

Wave Intensity

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14
Q

The eye’s small opening

A

Pupil

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15
Q

A melanin colored muscle that dilates or constricts the pupil

A

Iris

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16
Q

Part of the eye that focuses incoming rays

A

Lens

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17
Q

Multilayered tissue lining the back of the eye

A

Retina

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18
Q

Detects black, white, and grey, is light sensitive and dull

A

Rods

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19
Q

Detects color and fine detail, functional in daylight

A

Cones

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20
Q

Nerve that carries information to the brain (occipital lobe)

A

Optic nerve

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21
Q

Where the optic nerve leaves the eye, no receptor cells here.

A

Blind Spot

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22
Q

Near is clear, far is blurry

A

Myopia (Nearsightedness)

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23
Q

Near is blurry, far is clear

A

Presbyopia (Farsightedness)

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24
Q

Decreased ability to see color differences

A

Color-Vision Deficiency

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25
Q

What is the stimuli for hearing?

A

Sound waves

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26
Q

What do amplitude and frequency determine for SOUND

A

Amp: Loudness, Frequency: Pitch

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27
Q

What makes up the outer ear?

A

The auditory canal and the eardrum

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28
Q

What makes up the Middle ear?

A

Hammer, anvil, and stirrup bones (they move like a piston)

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29
Q

What makes up the Inner ear?

A

Cochlea, oval window, basilar membrane, then eventually the auditory complex.

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30
Q

Damage to the cochleas’s receptor cells or damage to the auditory nerves due to disease, aging, prolonged exposure to loud noises, or congenital defects.

A

Nerve Deafness

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31
Q

Mechanical device that translates sounds into electrical signals.

A

Cochlear implant

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32
Q

damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea due to earwax, ruptured eardrum, cysts, tumors, etc.

A

Conduction hearing loss

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33
Q

Four sensations of touch:

A

Pressure, Warmth, Cold, Pain

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34
Q

The Five Tastes:

A

Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, and Umami (Savory).

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35
Q

How many smell receptors are located at the top of each nasal cavity?

A

5 million

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36
Q

Smell receptor cells send messages to the olfactory bulb and ultimately the…

A

Temporal Lobe

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37
Q

The sense of position and movement of individual body parts

A

Kinesthesia

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38
Q

Motion sensors are found where?

A

In muscles, tendons, and joints

39
Q

Sense of position and movement of individual body parts, including BALANCE

A

Vestibular Sense

40
Q

Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another, influences by experiences, expectation, context, and emotion.

A

Perceptual Set

41
Q

Organizing and interpreting sensory information

A

Perception

42
Q

Organizing pieces of information into a whole

A

Gestalt

43
Q

1st Task of Perception: To perceive any object as distinct from its surroundings.

A

Figure/Ground

44
Q

2nd Task of Perception: Organizing the figure into a meaningful form

A

Grouping

45
Q

Group nearby figures together

A

Proximity

46
Q

Group together figures that are the same

A

Similarity

47
Q

Perceive smooth and continuity us lines and patters rather than discontinuous ones

A

Continuity

48
Q

Filling in gaps to create a whole

A

Closure

49
Q

Perceive spots, lines, or areas as a dingle unit when linked and uniform

A

Connectedness

50
Q

Allows us to estimate and judge the distance an object is from us

A

Depth perception

51
Q

6-14 mo. Children were reluctant to cross a glass barrier in the _____________ ______________ experiment

A

Visual Cliff

52
Q

Depth using both eyes

A

Binocular cues

53
Q

The greater the difference the retina receive of an object, the closer it is to us

A

Retinal Disparity

54
Q

Muscular cue that indicates the extent to high the eyes move inward

A

Convergence

55
Q

Depth cues available to each eye separately

A

Monocular Cues

56
Q

The ability to perceive object as unchanging while stimuli from it change

A

Perceptual Constancy

57
Q

Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

A

Consciousness

58
Q

Awareness focuses only on a particular stimulus

A

Selective attention

59
Q

Attending to one voice in a crowd of many voices

A

Cocktail Party Effect

60
Q

Occurs without our awareness, taking care of routine business

A

Unconscious processing

61
Q

The study of brain activity linked with our mental process.

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

62
Q

occurs when there’s synchronized activity across the brain

A

Conscious experience

63
Q

Failing to see visible object when our attention is directed elsewhere (Gorilla)

A

Inattentional Blindness

64
Q

Failing to notices obvious changes in the environment

A

Change blindness

65
Q

28% if traffic accidents are due to what?

A

A distracted driver talking or texting on the phone.

66
Q

Can Hands-Free calls be more distracting that talking to a passenger? If so, why?

A

Yes, the passenger is another set of eyes that can see driving demands, surroundings, and able to pause the conversation.

67
Q

The internal biological clock

A

Circadian Rhythm

68
Q

Improves performance throughout the day (Usually college age)

A

Night Owl

69
Q

Declined performance throughout the day (Usually older adults)

A

Morning Lark

70
Q

Sleep Stage 1: Only lasts a few minutes. Breathing and brainwaves and heart rate decrease, muscles relax, fantastic images flash across eyes, hypnogogic sensations like body jerks occur.

A

NREM-1

71
Q

Sleep Stage 2: Lasts about 20 minutes. Experiences sleep spindles (bursts of brainwave activity), can be awakened with little difficulty, clearly asleep.

A

NREM-2

72
Q

Sleep Stage 3: Lasts about 30 mins. Very deeps sleep, hard to awaken, may talk, walk, or text unconsciously, children may wet the bed.

A

NREM-3

73
Q

Sleep Stage 4: For about 10 mins, brainwaves become rapid. Every thirty seconds, eyes dart with activity. Genital arousal occurs even if dreams aren’t sexual. Occasional twitch, but essentially paralyzed. SLower eye movements signal the beginning of a dream, and cannot be awakened easily. Paradoxical sleep, internally the body is aroused but externally the body is calm. Vivid dreams occur.

A

REM (Rapid Eye Movement)

74
Q

How long is an average sleep cycle?

A

90 minutes

75
Q

As the sleep cycle continues, how are the stages affected?

A

NREM-3 gets briefer and REM and NREM-2 get longer.

76
Q

BY morning, 20-25% of the night’s sleep was spent in this stage.

A

REM

77
Q

What does sleep do for the body?

A

Protects, helps us recuperate, consolidates memories, enhances creativity, supports, growth.

78
Q

This results in impaired creativity and concentration. Also, an increased vulnerability to sickness, fatigue, weight gain, and depression.

A

Sleep Deprivation

79
Q

Recurring problems falling and staying asleep.

A

Insomnia

80
Q

Condition in which a person will randomly stop breathing during sleep, they snort awake and wakes untested.

A

Sleep Apnea

81
Q

These usually occur in children and in the first few hours of sleep in NREM-3. They appear terrified and they scream wildly. They can sit up, walk around, and talk incoherently. Their heart rate and breathing double, and they seldom awaken fully and recall nothing of the event in the morning.

A

Night Terrors

82
Q

Condition in which periodic and overwhelming sleepiness occurs, and they fall directly into REM sleep for a few minutes. Often triggered by strong emotions, and results in a loss of muscle control. Treatments include stimulants or SSRI.

A

Narcolepsy

83
Q

How many years of our life do we spend dreaming?

A

About 6 years

84
Q

When the dreamer is aware they they are in a dream and they gain a level of control over the dream

A

Lucid Dreams

85
Q

What sensory stimuli do we incorporate into our dreams?

A

Sound and Smell

86
Q

Zoning out into thinking about life details, finishing a task, what to say to someone, relishing positive moments and regretting negative moments, etc.

A

Daydreaming

87
Q

Chemicals that change perceptions and moods

A

Psychoactive Drugs

88
Q

Continues drug use despite significant life disruption

A

Substance use Disorder

89
Q

Requiring larger and larger doses of a drug before experiencing its effect.

A

Tolerance

90
Q

Craving of drugs, gambling, social media, porn, etc. despite knowing the adverse consequences.

A

Addiction

91
Q

Physiological discomfort, craving for a drug, emotional distress after quitting a drug.

A

Withdrawal

92
Q

Type of drug that reduces neural activity and slows bodily functions. Ex: alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers), and opiates (morphine and heroin).

A

Depressants

93
Q

Type of drug that excites neural activity and quickens bodily functions, reduces appetites and increases energy and confidence. EX: Methamphetamines (blue, crystal, ice, speed, meth, etc.) caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy (MDMA, molly)

A

Stimulants

94
Q

Type of drug that distorts perception, evokes a sensory image in the absence of sensory input (hallucinations). EX: marijuana (THC lingers for a week), ecstasy (mild hallucinogen) (causes dehydration)

A

Hallucinogens

psychology (6 decks)

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