Psychology as a science Flashcards
Roger Bacon used what 3 scientific methods in medieval christianity?
Experimental testing
Peer review/citation
Naturalistic philosophy(empiricism)
Bacon established what 4 scientific processes across medieval europe?
Observations
Hypothesis
Experimentation
Verification
Bacon distinguished between what 3 ways of acquiring knowledge?
Authority
Reason
Experience
Occam’s razor posits that the best theory is the one with the least__________________
assumptions - parsimony
Isaac newton used methods of ________________ and __________ reasoning
empirical data collection followed by inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning involves making ___________ to form __________________, and deductive reasoning involves using ____________ to make ____________
Inductive = from generalization to theory
Deductive = from theory to prediction
Positivism makes science equal to
A God B Soil B Dirt D Time
A God
Charles Sanders Peirce defines abduction as ____________________
inference to the best explanation
Popper’s idea of falsification refers to the idea that a theory is scientific if it _________________________________
allows itself to be falsified
To falsify the theory that all swans are white, would you have to
A Check that some swans are white and conclude B Check that all swans are white then conclude C Check swans until you find a black swan D Both processes of A nd C
C find a black swan
Theory laden-ness refers to the idea that data collection and observation are too ___________ with the theory.
Intertwined
Kuhn argues that a paradigm shift occurs when _____________________________
multiple anomalies of a theory arise leading to a crisis
Lakatos divided knowledge claims into ____________ and __________,and also distinguished between ________ and __________of theories.
hardcore basic assumptions and auxiliary hypothesis
Refutation vs rejection
Lakatos argued that scientific theories can either be ___________ or ____________
progressive or degenerating
Lakatos stated that progressive theories must be ___________ progressive and ___________ progressive. A theory that is neither should be __________
Theoretically and empirically
Abandoned
What were merton’s four values of a science?
Universalism
Communalism (knowledge access is communal)
Disinterestedness(in personal gain)
Organised skepticism
Modern psychology hypothesis testing follows a Popperian method, such as _____________
falsifying the null hypothesis
Evidence for a Kuhnian approach to psychology can be shown in paradigm shifts from ___________ to _____________
behaviourism to cognitivism
What are the three main alternative epistemologies suggesting that psychology is not a science?
Constructivism
Interpretivism
Feminism
Bem’s study in 2011 suggested what?
participants could anticipate the future
Bem’s 2011 results were met with
A Support B Criticism C Failed replications D Both b and C
D both b and c
What are Chamber’s seven deadly sins of psychology?
bias
internment
unreliability
corruptibility
data hoarding
bean counting
hidden flexibility
What are the 4 new types of psychology failures?
bias
error
spin
treachery
What are the 4 main types of bias posing a threat to psychological studies?
confirmation bias
hindsight bias (harking)
publication bias
novelty bias
An error in psychology is a ______________________
mistake leading to incorrect findings
Spin refers to ________________
reframing the issue or data to support your hypothesis
Treachery refers to the ______________________
deliberate fabrication of data
In 2017 Dr Bik investigated fabricated images and found that ____% were in some way fraudulent
4%
What are three P’s in reasons to commit academic fraud?
pressure to publish
peer review
prestige
Statistical reform in psychological results involves what 4 things?
Confidence intervals
Bayesian statistic
reducing alpha value
p-rep
Pre-registration means that authors must ___________________
publish data collection and analysis in advance
Meta analysis can uncover potential ____________ and _____________-
p-hacking and publication bias
Research funding mostly comes from what 3 sources?
Universities
charity
taxpayers money
What are the 3 badges of open science?
open data
open materials
prereigistration
Reproducibility refers to if different researchers get the same results given the same ___________, whereas replicability refers to if different researchers get the same answer given ____________
Reproducibility = same results from same data
replication = same answer from same questions
Which of these is not a solution to crises in psychology?
A commentary B retraction C systematic review D posting only novel data
D
