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PSYC 101 > Psychology and Scientific Thinking - Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Psychology and Scientific Thinking - Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

the science of the behaviour of individuals and their mental processes

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2
Q

What is Naive Realism?

A

the belief that “seeing is believing”

belief that the world is exactly as it appears

can be useful (car coming at you) or detrimental

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3
Q

What is Reciprocal Determinism?

A

The fact that Humans influence each other

Eg. if you are around outgoing people then you will become more outgoing

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4
Q

2 Approaches to Studying Cultural Influences

A
  1. Cross-cultural: compares experiences in different cultures and attempts to identify the cultural variables that influence its nature
  2. Cultural: within a particular culture
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5
Q

What is Confirmation Bias

A

the tendency to seek out evidence that confirms our initial beliefs, ignoring any evidence that contradicts such belief

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6
Q

What is Belief Perseverance?

A

the tendency to stick with your initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts such belief

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7
Q

What is a Metaphysical Claim?

A

claim that cannot be tested by science (afterlife, god, soul)

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8
Q

What is a bias blind spot?

A

recognizing the impact of bias on others judgement, but failing to recognize the impact of bias on yourself

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9
Q

What is Pseudoscience?

A

claims that seem scientific but lack defence from bias

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10
Q

What are some signs of Pseudoscience?

A

exaggerated claims, no connection to research, “psychobabble”

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11
Q

Why do we cling to Pseudoscience?

A

we want to make sense of our world, sense of control, finding comfort within our own beliefs

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12
Q

What is the emotional reasoning fallacy?

A

using emotions to evaluate validity of arguments

eg. scientific claim makes a person upset and so they refuse to believe it

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13
Q

What is the bandwagon fallacy?

A

believing something because lots of people believe it

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14
Q

What is the not me fallacy?

A

belief that that you are immune to errors of thinking that other people are prone to

Eg. debaters pointing out each others biases believing that they themselves couldn’t have bias

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15
Q

What is Scientific Skepticism

A

to be open minded about all claims but insisting on persuasive evidence in order to accept them

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16
Q

Who began the first Psychology Lab in 1879?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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17
Q

Which school of thought relied on introspection?

A

Structuralism

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18
Q

What is Intropsection in Structuralism?

A

examination of individuals reports of their own thoughts and feelings

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19
Q

Which School of Thought was influenced by Darwin and aimed to understand how and why the mind functions?

A

Functionalism

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20
Q

Which school of thought only studied objective, observable behaviours?

A

Behaviourism (John B. Watson)

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21
Q

Which school of thought aimed to examine the role of mental processes on behaviour? thinking affects behaviour in powerful aways

A

Cognitivism (Jean Piaget)

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22
Q

Which school of thought wants to uncover the role of unconscious psychological processes?

A

Psychoanalysis

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23
Q

What type of Psychologist assesses, diagnoses and treats patients with mental disorders?

A

Clinical Psychologist

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24
Q

What type of Psychologist deals with patients temporary problems?

A

Counselling

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25
Q

Which type of psychologist does research to understand thinking, memory and social behaviours?

A

Experimental

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26
Q

What psychology debate discusses whether our behaviour is a result of our genes or environment?

A

Nature vs Nurture

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27
Q

What Psychology Debate discusses whether we have control over our behaviours?

A

Free Will vs Determinism

28
Q

What are the 3 Levels of Analysis?

A
  1. Sociocultural
  2. Psychological
  3. Biological
29
Q

How can you avoid pseudoscience?

A
  1. Think scientifically
  2. be aware of logical fallacies
30
Q

What School of Thought would believe “the basic elements of sensation can reveal the underlying structure of the mind”?

A

Structuralism

31
Q

Who are the key figures in Structuralism?

A

Wilhelm Wundt
Edward Tichener
James Baldwin

32
Q

Which School of Thought believes “conscious experience is more then the sum of its parts”?

A

Gestalt Psychology

33
Q

Who is the key figure behind Gestalt Psychology, the alternative to Structuralism?

A

Max Wertheimer (Germany)

34
Q

What field, much older then Psychology, heavily inspired it?

A

Philosophy

35
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology’s key principle?

A

the whole is greater than, and different from, the sum of its parts.

36
Q

Which school of thought does this question align with; “What is the purpose of any behavioural act?”

A

Functionalism

37
Q

What is the name of therapy which involves one person passing on their feelings about one person onto the therapist?

A

Transference

38
Q

What is Transference

A

When one transfers emotions or feelings from one person to another.
eg.

39
Q

What is Freud best known for?

A

Theory of unconscious thought

40
Q

Which close friend and supposed protege left Freud due to disagreements?

A

Carl Jung

41
Q

What did Freud propose?

A

That unconscious mental processes direct behaviour

42
Q

What is a freudian slip?

A

unintentionally revealing one’s subconscious feelings through a slip of the tounge

43
Q

What is the humanistic perspective emphasis on?

A

each individuals unique experiences

44
Q

The major contribution of the humanistic perspective…

A

is the development of the “hierarchy of needs” aka Maslow’s Pyramid

45
Q

The Cognitive Perspective focuses on..

A

perception, memory and thinking

46
Q

Biological perspective focuses on…

A

the functioning of genes, nervous system and endocrine system

47
Q

The Evolutionary Perspective beleives …

A

behaviours that help organisms adapt will be passed on to successive generations

48
Q

The sociocultural perspective…

A

examines cross-cultural differences in the causes and consequences of behaviour

49
Q

Five Main challenges of psychology?
1. Human behaviour…
2. Psychological influences are…
3. individuals…
4. people influence…
5. behaviour is shaped by….

A
  1. human behaviour is difficult to predict
  2. psychological influences are rarely independent
  3. individual differences among people
  4. people influence each other (reciprocal determinism)
  5. behaviour is shaped by culture
50
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

set of steps used to analyze and solve problems

51
Q

Behaviour is…

A

the observable actions by which an organism adjusts to its environment

52
Q

What is behavioural data?

A

reports of observations about behaviour and the conditions under which they occur

53
Q

What are the 6 principles of scientifc thinking?

A
  1. ruling out rival hypothesis
  2. correlation vs causation
  3. falsifiability
  4. replicability
  5. extraordinary claims
  6. occam’s razor
54
Q

Which school of thought emphasizes the “what” of mental behaviour?

A

structuralism

55
Q

Which structuralist began the first canadian psychology lab at the University of Toronto in 1889?

A

James Baldwin

56
Q

What is consciousness?

A

ongoing stream of mind in constant interaction with the environment

57
Q

Who are the key functionalists?

A

William James and John Dewey

58
Q

What does Functionalism study?

A

how and why the mind functions

59
Q

When was the Canadian Psychology Association (CPA) formed?

A

1939

60
Q

What is hysteria?

A

label used to describe unmanageable fear or emotional excesses

61
Q

What theories was Freud known for?

A

Theory of unconscious mind and theory of repression as a defence mechanism

62
Q

Does therapy = psychoanalysis?

A

yes

63
Q

What does the behaviourist perspective focus on?

A

measuring only what is observable

64
Q

Who developed humanistic psychology?

A

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

65
Q

When and where was the first Psychology department established in a Canadian University?

A

1924 at McGill University

PSYC 101 (6 decks)

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