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PSYC 101 > Child Development - Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Child Development - Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Devleopmental Psychology is…

A

the study of lifelong often age-related processes of change

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2
Q

What is the post hoc fallacy?

A

tendency to believe that A causes B, just because B came after A

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3
Q

What is cross-sectional design in the study of development?

A

groups of people at differing ages are studied at the same time to measure their differences

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4
Q

What is longitudinal design in the study of development?

A

same people are studied at different ages

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5
Q

Name at least 3 challenges in Developmental Psychology?

A

stability vs change
activity vs passivity
continuity vs discontinuity
culture
nature vs nurture

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6
Q

Developmental events that occur before birth are referred to as…

A

Prenatal

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7
Q

Developmental events that occur in the month after birth are reffered to as…

A

Neonatal

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8
Q

Explain conception

A

Ovum + Sperm = Zygote (fertilized egg)

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9
Q

Name the three stages of prenatal development

A

Zygote = Week 1
Embryo = Weeks 2-8
Fetus = Weeks 9-38

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10
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

environmental factors that can produce birth defects during the prenatal period

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11
Q

What is the result of exposure to a teratogen in the first two weeks of development?

A

loss of embryo

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12
Q

What is the result of exposure to a teratogen in the weeks 2-8 of development?

A

severe anomalies in organ systems

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13
Q

What is the result of exposure to a teratogen in the fetal period of development?

A

less sever defects, fetal period is for maturation not formation

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14
Q

What are FASD?

A

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

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15
Q

What are the 4 diagnoses of FASD?

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS)
Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)
Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBD)

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16
Q

What’s different about the way people with FASD may behave?

A

may have a hard time learning and controlling their behaviour

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17
Q

Explain Cephalocaudal Trend

A

earliest growth starts at head, with the rest of body following

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18
Q

Explain Proximadistal Trend

A

growth begins at the centre of the body and proceeds to the extremities

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19
Q

Infants are born with innate…

A

primary reflexes

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20
Q

State the 5 Newborns’ Reflexes

A

Babinski - spreading of toes when foot stroked
Moro - stretching of arms and legs, crying, in response to a loud noise
Rooting - head turns towards direction of light touch
Sucking - in response to finger or nipple in mouth
Grasping - in response to an object being pressed in palm

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21
Q

Explain Fantz (1961) study of Infant Perception

A

present two stimuli and see if infant looks at one longer

22
Q

What is Visual Cliff?

A

experiment designed to see if children have depth-perception

23
Q

How do theories of cognitive development differ?

A
  1. Stagelike vs gradual changes in understanding
  2. Domain-general vs domain-specific
  3. Principal source of learning
24
Q

What is a Schema?

A

organized way of interacting with the environment and experiencing the world

25
Q

Schemata guide ___ based on prior ___

A

guide thoughts based on prior experiences

26
Q

Schemas can change through ___ and ___

A

assimilation and accommodation

27
Q

What is assimilation of Schema?

A

new ideas and experiences are incorporated into existing behaviours

28
Q

What is accommodation of Schema?

A

previous schema are modified to adapt them to new experiences

29
Q

What are Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

A

Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2)
Stage 2: Preoperational Stage (2-6/7)
Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage (6/7-12)
Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage (12-Adult)

30
Q

Pros and Cons of Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development

A

Pros: highly influential
Cons: Development is more continuous, not stages.
culturally biased methods, only applied to his culture.

31
Q

What did Bronfenbrenner argue?

A

Children develop in a system of complex human relationships that encompass immediate environments as well as larger communities

32
Q

Arrange Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems

A

Microsystem > Mesosystem > Exosystem > Macrosystem

33
Q

How is Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory put to use in learning?

A

Parents are help less and less as the kid learns more, engaging the child in complex reasoning

34
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

Difference between where kid is and where they might be with appropriate assistance

35
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

when an adult sets up a structure to help the child solve a problem (kid counting bears)

36
Q

In development, what is the theory of mind?

A

understanding of mental states such as feelings and intentions, and their causal role in behaviour

37
Q

What age does the theory of mind develop?

A

3

38
Q

Who was the leading figure in the Rhesus Monkey expirement?

A

Harry Harlow

39
Q

What did we learn from the Rhesus Monkey experiment?

A

Reassuring physical contact plays big role in attachment

40
Q

Who was one of the first developmental psychologists to study attachment?

A

John Bowlby

41
Q

What were the results of the Strange Situation Technique?

A

60% of children show secure attachment
15-20% show insecure-avoidant attachment
15% show insecure-anxious attachment
5-10% were disorganized

42
Q

What is temperament?

A

intensity and quality of emotional reactions

43
Q

3 types of infants in regards to temperament

A

Easy child (40%)
Slow to-warm up child (15%)
Difficult child (10%)
35% do not fall in category

44
Q

Explain the temperament style of behavioural inhibition?

A

Children are frightened at the sight of unexpected stimuli

45
Q

From childhood on, individuals develop___, a system of learned attitudes about social practices, institutions, and individual behaviour used to evaluate situations as right or wrong

A

Morality

46
Q

Piaget found children to have two types of morality, what is heteronomous morality?

A

Morality based on what others (parents) tell them is right or wrong

47
Q

Piaget found children to have two types of morality, what is autonomous morality?

A

Self-directed morality

48
Q

What are Kohlberg’s 3 Levels of Morality

A
  1. Pre conventional Morality
  2. Conventional Morality
  3. Post conventional morality
49
Q

Explain pre conventional morality

A

focus on punishment and reward

50
Q

Explain conventional morality

A

focus on societal values

51
Q

Explain post conventional morality

A

focus on internal moral principles

PSYC 101 (6 decks)

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