Child Development - Chapter 3 Flashcards
Devleopmental Psychology is…
the study of lifelong often age-related processes of change
What is the post hoc fallacy?
tendency to believe that A causes B, just because B came after A
What is cross-sectional design in the study of development?
groups of people at differing ages are studied at the same time to measure their differences
What is longitudinal design in the study of development?
same people are studied at different ages
Name at least 3 challenges in Developmental Psychology?
stability vs change
activity vs passivity
continuity vs discontinuity
culture
nature vs nurture
Developmental events that occur before birth are referred to as…
Prenatal
Developmental events that occur in the month after birth are reffered to as…
Neonatal
Explain conception
Ovum + Sperm = Zygote (fertilized egg)
Name the three stages of prenatal development
Zygote = Week 1
Embryo = Weeks 2-8
Fetus = Weeks 9-38
What is a teratogen?
environmental factors that can produce birth defects during the prenatal period
What is the result of exposure to a teratogen in the first two weeks of development?
loss of embryo
What is the result of exposure to a teratogen in the weeks 2-8 of development?
severe anomalies in organ systems
What is the result of exposure to a teratogen in the fetal period of development?
less sever defects, fetal period is for maturation not formation
What are FASD?
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
What are the 4 diagnoses of FASD?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS)
Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)
Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBD)
What’s different about the way people with FASD may behave?
may have a hard time learning and controlling their behaviour
Explain Cephalocaudal Trend
earliest growth starts at head, with the rest of body following
Explain Proximadistal Trend
growth begins at the centre of the body and proceeds to the extremities
Infants are born with innate…
primary reflexes
State the 5 Newborns’ Reflexes
Babinski - spreading of toes when foot stroked
Moro - stretching of arms and legs, crying, in response to a loud noise
Rooting - head turns towards direction of light touch
Sucking - in response to finger or nipple in mouth
Grasping - in response to an object being pressed in palm
Explain Fantz (1961) study of Infant Perception
present two stimuli and see if infant looks at one longer
What is Visual Cliff?
experiment designed to see if children have depth-perception
How do theories of cognitive development differ?
- Stagelike vs gradual changes in understanding
- Domain-general vs domain-specific
- Principal source of learning
What is a Schema?
organized way of interacting with the environment and experiencing the world
Schemata guide ___ based on prior ___
guide thoughts based on prior experiences
Schemas can change through ___ and ___
assimilation and accommodation
What is assimilation of Schema?
new ideas and experiences are incorporated into existing behaviours
What is accommodation of Schema?
previous schema are modified to adapt them to new experiences
What are Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?
Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2)
Stage 2: Preoperational Stage (2-6/7)
Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage (6/7-12)
Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage (12-Adult)
Pros and Cons of Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development
Pros: highly influential
Cons: Development is more continuous, not stages.
culturally biased methods, only applied to his culture.
What did Bronfenbrenner argue?
Children develop in a system of complex human relationships that encompass immediate environments as well as larger communities
Arrange Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems
Microsystem > Mesosystem > Exosystem > Macrosystem
How is Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory put to use in learning?
Parents are help less and less as the kid learns more, engaging the child in complex reasoning
What is the zone of proximal development?
Difference between where kid is and where they might be with appropriate assistance
What is scaffolding?
when an adult sets up a structure to help the child solve a problem (kid counting bears)
In development, what is the theory of mind?
understanding of mental states such as feelings and intentions, and their causal role in behaviour
What age does the theory of mind develop?
3
Who was the leading figure in the Rhesus Monkey expirement?
Harry Harlow
What did we learn from the Rhesus Monkey experiment?
Reassuring physical contact plays big role in attachment
Who was one of the first developmental psychologists to study attachment?
John Bowlby
What were the results of the Strange Situation Technique?
60% of children show secure attachment
15-20% show insecure-avoidant attachment
15% show insecure-anxious attachment
5-10% were disorganized
What is temperament?
intensity and quality of emotional reactions
3 types of infants in regards to temperament
Easy child (40%)
Slow to-warm up child (15%)
Difficult child (10%)
35% do not fall in category
Explain the temperament style of behavioural inhibition?
Children are frightened at the sight of unexpected stimuli
From childhood on, individuals develop___, a system of learned attitudes about social practices, institutions, and individual behaviour used to evaluate situations as right or wrong
Morality
Piaget found children to have two types of morality, what is heteronomous morality?
Morality based on what others (parents) tell them is right or wrong
Piaget found children to have two types of morality, what is autonomous morality?
Self-directed morality
What are Kohlberg’s 3 Levels of Morality
- Pre conventional Morality
- Conventional Morality
- Post conventional morality
Explain pre conventional morality
focus on punishment and reward
Explain conventional morality
focus on societal values
Explain post conventional morality
focus on internal moral principles
