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PSYC 101 > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is abnormal behaviour?

A

atypical, socially unacceptable behaviour that often causes distress to that person or those around the person

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2
Q

What “causes” abnormal behaviour?

A

distorted cognitions or biological dysfunction

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3
Q

Name the 6 perspectives of abnormality

A
  1. Demonic
  2. Medical-biological model
  3. Psychodynamic model
  4. Humanistic model
  5. Behavioural model
  6. Cognitive model
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4
Q

How does the demonic model view abnormality?

A

abnormality is the result of evil spirits inhabiting the body

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5
Q

When was the demonic perspective on abnormality common?

A

During middle ages

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6
Q

How did someone with a demonic view on abnormality treat mental illnesses?

A

through exorcisms and witch hunts

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7
Q

How does the medical-biological model view abnormalities?

A

focus on the physiological conditions that initiate abnormal behaviour

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8
Q

What does the medical-biological model assume about abnormal behaviour?

A

it can be diagnosed, treated and cured

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9
Q

How does the psychodynamic model view abnormalities?

A

psychological disorders result from anxiety produced by unresolved conflicts in the unconscious

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10
Q

How does the Humanistic model view abnormalities?

A

abnormality occurs when a person’s needs are not met

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11
Q

How does the behavioural model view abnormalities?

A

abnormal behaviour is learned through reinforcement and punishment

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12
Q

How does the cognitive model view abnormalities?

A

Humans engage in abnormal behaviours because of their thoughts

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13
Q

How does the sociocultural model view abnormalities?

A

abnormality occurs because of the context of family and society

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14
Q

How does the evolutionary model view abnormalities?

A

abnormalities may be expressions of behaviour that would once have been normal in evolutionary history

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15
Q

How do psychologists use models for abnormalities?

A
  • one model for all problems
  • choose model based on problem
  • biopsychosocial approach (combines biology, psychology and social factors)
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16
Q

True or false: many people with mental illness are violent

A

False, few people with mental illness are violent

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17
Q

True or False: Psychiatric diagnoses are invalid and unreliable

A

False, these are common misconceptions

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18
Q

What is the name of the system for diagnosing maladjusted behaviour?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

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19
Q

What does DSM-5 contain?

A

diagnostic criteria for each condition according to observable behaviour, also contains stats on populations displaying the disorder

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20
Q

How many major categories of disorders in DSM-5?

A

18

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21
Q

Name at least 2 criticisms of the DSM-5?

A
  • all criteria not based on scientific data
  • vulnerable to political and social influences
  • reliance on categorical model of psychopathology
  • high level of comorbidity
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22
Q

What is the Multiaxial system of the DSM-5 used for?

A

to diagnose mental disorders

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23
Q

What are the 5 axis of multaxial system of DSM-5?

A

Axis 1: clinical disorders
Axis 2: Personality disorders and mental retardation
Axis 3: General medical conditons
Axis 4: psychosocial or environmental problems
Axis 5: Global assessment of functioning (GAF)

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24
Q

What is anxiety?

A

a feeling of fear and apprehension that may be related to a situation or object

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25
Q

What are the 7 types of anxiety?

A
  1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
  2. Panic Disorder
  3. Agoraphobia
  4. Social Phobia
  5. Specific Phobia
  6. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
  7. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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26
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder? Symptoms?

A

continuous anxiety for 6 months; fatigue, difficulty concentrating

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27
Q

What populations are prevalent to Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A

females and caucasins

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28
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

repeated, unexpected panic attacks

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29
Q

What is Agoraphobia? Symptoms?

A

fear and avoidance of places or situations where escape may be difficult or embarrasing; hyperventilation, extreme tension

30
Q

What is Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)?

A

anxiety involving a fear of and a desire to avoid situations where one might be scrutinized by others

31
Q

What are specific phobias? examples?

A

irrational and persistent fear of a particular situation or object; blood phobia, needle phobia, clausterphobia

32
Q

What are the components of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

A

Obsessions: persistent, uncontrollable thoughts and irrational beliefs
Compulsions: compulsive rituals that interfere with daily life

33
Q

What reduced tension in OCD?

A

when compulsions (rituals) are completed

34
Q

What are the 3 different perspectives for OCD?

A

Freud: OCD comes from difficulties during anal stage of development
Learning theorists: bringing order to a person’s environment reduces uncertainty and is reinforcing
Biopsychologists: have identified genetic component to OCD; drug treatments have come from it

35
Q

What are examples of mood disorders?

A

Major depressive disorder
Bipolar disorder (+ variants)

36
Q

What is Major Depression Disorder?

A

presence of at least 5/9 symptoms for at least two weeks, one of those being 1. depressed mood or 2. loss of interest or pleasure

37
Q

What can Major Depression Disorder cause?

A

clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational and important areas of functioning

38
Q

When does first episode of Major Depression Disorder occur?

A

prior to age 40

39
Q

How long does average episode in Major Depression Disorder last?

A

6 months-1 year

40
Q

How many episodes do most people with MDD experience?

A

5-6 episodes

41
Q

How many Canadians affected by MDD?

A

1.3 million

42
Q

When does Major Depression Disorder usually develop?

A

in 30s

43
Q

Are men or women more likely to be diagnosed with Major Depression Disorder?

A

women 2x more likely

44
Q

What are biological theory on causes of Major Depression Disorder?

A

genetics and neurotransmitters may underlie depression

45
Q

What is monamine biological theory of Major Depression Disorder?

A

depression results from deficiencies of monoamines or inefficient receptors

46
Q

Aaron Beck’s cognitve theory of depression includes what 3 parts?

A
  1. Negative Triad: depressed people have negative views of themselves, environment and future
  2. Negative Schemas
  3. Cognitive Distortions
47
Q

Define vulnerability

A

a person’s diminished ability to deal with life events

48
Q

Define the cognitive theory of learned helplessness?

A

belief that one is unable to control their situation after experiencing stressful situation repeatedly

49
Q

According to Biopsychosocial model, The ___ vulnerable the person, the ___ stress or anxiety is needed to initiate depression

A

the more vulnerable the person, the less stress or anxiety is needed to initiate depression

50
Q

What is the name of the model which links vulnerability and stress?

A

diathesis-stress model

51
Q

What was bipolar disorder originally known as?

A

manic-depressive disorder

52
Q

What are the two extreme behaviours that people with bipolar disorder experience?

A

Mania and Depression

53
Q

How much of the population have bipolar disorder?

A

1-2%

54
Q

Does bipolar disorder have genetic correspondence?

A

Yes

55
Q

What characterizes dissociative disorder?

A

sudden, temporary alteration in consciousness, identity, behaviour and/ or memory

56
Q

What is Dissociative amnesia?

A

a sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information

57
Q

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder (previously called Multiple Personality Disorder)?

A

existence of two or more personalities or ego states in an individual

58
Q

What is Schizophrenia?

A

lack of reality testing, deterioration of social and cognitive functioning

59
Q

Describe and give exmples of + positive symptoms and - negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Positive symptoms: add to presentation, normal people do not experience; delusions, hallucinations

Negative Symptoms: absent from presentation, schizophrenics do not experience; flat affect (minimal facial expressions)

60
Q

What characteristics do schizophrenics exhibit?

A
  • delusions (i am god, being stalked etc.)
  • hallucinations (sounds, sights, etc.)
  • distortions in emotional expression
  • disorganized thinking or speech
61
Q

What are the first signs of schizophrenia?

A

anxiety, mood difficulties, isolation, difficulty maintaining logical thought and coherent conversation

62
Q

How is the diathesis-stress model used to explain schizophrenia?

A
  • a genetic/biological vulnerability underlies schizophrenia
  • life stress interact with vulnerability to produce schizophrenia
63
Q

Can biological factors predispose a person to develop schizophrenia?

A

Yes, numerous brain abnormalities have been seen

64
Q

What characterizes personality disorder?

A

long-standing, inflexible, maladaptive behaviours that typically cause stress and social or occupational difficulties

65
Q

Explain paranoid personality disorder

A

odd or eccentric behaviour, distrust of others

66
Q

Explain symptoms of borderline personality disorder

A

instability in mood, identity and impulse control, often highly self-destructive

67
Q

What is Histrionic personality disorder?

A

pattern of emotionality, attention seeking by exaggerating situations in their lives

68
Q

What is Narcissistic personality disorder?

A

grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy

69
Q

What is antisocial personality disorder?

A

disregard for rights of others, impulsivity and self centered

70
Q

What is Avoidant personality disorder?

A

social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, sensitivity to negative evaluation

71
Q

What is dependent personality disorder?

A

need to be taken care of, submissiveness and clinging behaviours, fears of seperation

PSYC 101 (6 decks)

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