psychological skills pt 3

Question 1

what is a goal

Answer 1

‘the aim or object of something we are trying obtain’ Locke and Latham 1985

Question 2

` research findings from industrial settings-Locke and Latham 1985

Answer 2

• specific goals are better than general goals
  -difficult goals are better than moderate or easy goals
• short and long term goals need to be used interchangeably as both help each other.
• goal setting works better when there is timely feedback to show progress in relation to reach the goal
• goals must be accepted
  by the sportsperson for them to work
• goal attainment is facilitated by a plan of action
• goals are more effective when they exit your head e.g. tell others about your goal

Question 3

SMART goals

SMARTER goals

Answer 3

SPECIFIC
MEASURABLE
ACTION-ORIENTAED
REALISTIC/ RESOURCED
TIME BASED

EVALUATE
RESET

Question 4

New research Locke and Latham 2006

Answer 4

• importance of goal choice
• look into learning goals over outcome goals
• goals that relate to emotions
• group goals

Question 5

issues with goal setting research in sport

Answer 5

• small sample sizes
• who sets the goals?
• athletes are already motivated in some ways- how can you really measure goal setting

Question 6

Kyllo and Landers 1995

Answer 6

specific absolute goals have the largest effect size- 0.93
compared to general which is 0.38

Combined long term and short term = 0.48 effect size. Short term more effective alone than long term as they increase self efficacy

public goals effect size= 0.79 vs private = 0.06

involving the performer in the goal setting process effect size= 0.62

Question 7

research on self set vs public goal setting- Ward and Carnes 2002

Answer 7

• rapid improvement in practice and competition performance after goals were set by oneself and posted publicly- baseline performance was 70% and post intervention was 95%

Question 8

How goals influence performance-

Answer 8

• goals direct attention- improves focus and gives meaning to training and comp
• effort mobilisation-
• goals create persistence- we keep going to reach this target
• goals can develop new learning strategies- setting difficult goals allow athletes to find new ways of learning
• motivate and plan

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Question 9

Competence and goals

Answer 9

2 major goals reflecting different ways of judging competence

1- task= perceptions of competence self references. meeting the demands of the task, exerting effort and improving ones skill level
2-ego= interest in demonstrating superior competence, try to be better than others or surpass normative standards

people that are task goals engage more in training- they persist with challenging goals

ego people- comparing to others = holding back in effort and training/ selects challenges that are too easy or too difficult/ withdrawal from sport due to feeling incompetent

Question 10

focusing on performance and/or process rather than outcome

Answer 10

process and performance improve performance