Motivation :) Flashcards
Definition- sage 1977
the direction and intensity of ones effort
Sorrentino and Sheppard (1978)
swimmers- time trial- individual or relay team. So the situational factor= swimming alone/ part of a relay team. Personality characteristic= degree to which see group involvement as opportunity for social approval/ social rejection.
FINDINGS- people who are approval orientated perform better in a team.
people who are rejection perform better alone
shows us how trait and state interact
Self determination theory- DECI AND RYAN 1985-2000
what motivates people
Focus on- sport and exercise participation is undertaken voluntarily - so not controlled by an external agent e.g. coach or goal e.g. reward
ASSUMPTION= humans are growth orientated humans who actively seek optimal challenges and learning new experiences to master/ inherent tendency for growth is manifested in SDT thru the concept of intrinsic motivation
proposes we have 3 basic psychological needs- 1) AUTONOMY- ppl need to feel in control of behaviours and goals
2) COMPETENCE- ppl need to master tasks and learn different skills
3) RELATEDNESS- ppl need to experience a sense of belonging and attachment to other humans
when people experience these 3 they become more self determined and mire intrinsically motivated
These psychologist proposed a continuum- highly autonomous= intrinsic motivation. Low autonomy = external regulation. RUNS from intrinsic motivation to amotivation
so most self determined= integrated regulation and intrinsic regulation and identified regulation.
https://positivepsychology.com/wp-content/uploads/self-determination-theory.png
DECI AND RYAN - extrinsic motivation types
what is amotivation
external regulation- gaining incentives, rewards or avoiding punishment
introjected regulation- avoiding guilt and disapproval of others- Ego involvement
Identified regulation- learning new skills is seen as important/ something we know we have to do e.g. we know we need to train to be good- personal importance and conscious awareness
Integrated regulation- they do it because they identify as that athlete- congurency
Amotivation= lack of intentionality and personal causation- inherent lack of motivation
Research supporting SDT
Standage et al 2003- Increased effort in physical education classes and intention to be physically active
integrated regulation—Integrated regulation is the most developmentally advanced form of extrinsic motivation. Activity is personally important because of a valued outcome rather than interest in the activity solely for itself. For example, a physical educator trains diligently for the valued outcome of completing a marathon. In essence, people can feel autonomous (act on their own free will) when there are external rewards for their actions (Standage, 2012).
Achievement goal theory (Nicholls 1989)-
Understanding the role of competence or ability
how people interpret you get to success in sport
This theory focuses on differences in how individuals evaluate competence and define success and failure.
AGT talks about dispositional factors- characteristics of individuals that influence behaviour
We have 2 orientation- 1) task-mastery orientation= idea of improving/beating our self, focusing on steps to improve so don’t care about others performance. Belief effort results in success
2)ego orientation- demonstrating your are better than everyone else- relying on how others do. Belief ability results in success
a high task or high ego can create lots of anxiety.
good to have a balance
this then combines with percieved ability of competence to predict behaviours
Environment? mastery climate (task- involving)- focused on individual improvement, effort and cooperative learning
performance climate
(ego involving)-competition, outperforming others, viewing mistakes as failures-
coaches expectations will influence behaviour
approach goals= focus on achieving competence
avoidance goals= focus on avoiding incompetence
Epstein - 6 achievement structures- TARGET
Tasks= Authority= distribution of rewards Recognition Grouping Evaluation Time
Attribution Theory- Weiner 1985-1986
Attribution- specific causes to explain behaviour.
Can effect expectations and emotional reactions.
4 attributions- ability, effort, task difficulty, luck
2 dimensions- locus of causality (internal= ability effort or external= task difficulty and luck) and stability (stable=ability and task difficulty or unstable=effort and luck)
and locus of control
High achievers= attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors
Low achievers- attribute success to external factors and failure to internal factors
Self serving bias- give attributions to protect self esteem rather than look for true attributions which would reflect reality e.g. blaming external factors for bad performance
achievement goal theory= individual differences
• Goal orientations considered independent (orthogonal) – combination of high,
moderated, low (Nicholls, 1984)
• Individual differences in orientations result of socialisation of task or ego involvement in home or experiences in achievement (i.e. classroom) (Nicholls, 1989)
• Adoption of task and ego goals for specific activity involve both individual goal
orientations and situation cues
