Psychological Problems Flashcards
Magnification
An example of a cognitive bias, whereby the individuals exaggerates the problem
CBT
A therapy which aims to change how the patient thinks in order to treat them
REBT
Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (based on ABC model) and involves disputing depressed peoples irrational thinking
Neurotransmitter
A chemical found in the nervous system which sends messages between separate nerve cells
Antidepressant
A category of drugs used to treat depression
SSRI
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor is a type of drug used to treat depression. It increases the availability of serotonin.
Reuptake
The reabsorption of excess neurotransmitters by the neuron
Noradrenaline
A neurotransmitter which in depressed people is found at a very low level (not enough).
MAOIs
A drug which prevents the enzyme MAO from breaking down noradrenaline
Learning Theory
Suggests that behaviours are through association and experiences.
Classical conditioning
Behaviour is learnt through associating stimuli and response.
Operant conditioning
Behaviour is learnt through consequences (reinforcement)
Placebo
A fake pill often used on research for the control group
Social Learning Theory
Behaviour is learnt through observation and imitation of role models.
Reinforcement
A consequence of an action which increases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again.
Functional Analysis
1st stage of CBT for addiction which identifies triggers
Skills Training
2nd stage of CBT for addiction which involves learning to control behaviour e.g. being assertive if experiencing peer pressure
Polymorphisms
A variant of a gene
Diathesis-Stress Model
claims that people have a genetic predisposition for a disorder but it is only triggered when in stressful situations.
Predisposition
A tendency to develop a behaviour e.g. he had a genetic predisposition to become an addict
Positive reinforcement
adding something good (reward)
Negative reinforcement
taking away something bad
Young
Studies the effectiveness of CBT with people addicted to the internet.
Caspi et al.
Researched the influence of genes and life stress on depression
ICD
International Classification of Diseases
Psychomotor
symptoms of depression where thoughts relate to bodily feelings e.g. shaking limbs or feeling lethargic
Cognitive Bias
This is an irrational way of thinking
Negative Triad
A theory that depression is caused by negative schemas about self, world and future.
Requirements diagnosis of depression
At least one symptom for most of the time for two weeks and at least one other symptom.
Requirements diagnosis of addiction
At least 3 symptoms at the same time for 1 month or repeated occasions over a year
Behavioural addiction
An addiction to an activity e.g. shopping
Withdrawal
Negative feelings and thoughts associated with trying to quit an addictive substance/behaviour.
Dependence
Needing the addictive substance/behaviour in order to function normally
Tolerance
The need to increase the dosage of an addictive substance over time, in order to get the same effect as a lower dosage before.
Addiction
A mental health problem where a substance or behaviour is needed for the sufferer to go about there normal life.
Relapse
A failed attempt at quitting
Dependence disorder
A mental health problem related to the body being dependent on a substance e.g. heroine
Irrational Thinking
This is the cause of mental disorder according to the cognitive approaches
How do negative schemas develop?
by past experiences
5-HHT
A gene associated with the serotonin levels
