Psychological Models of Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

What categories can the costs of addiction fall under?

A

Health, social, economic and criminal

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2
Q

What are the key policies around addiction?

A

Road to recovery = new approach to tackling Scotland’s drug problem
Hidden harm = Scottish Executive response to the report on the misuse of alcohol
Changing Scotland’s relationship with alcohol = framework for change

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3
Q

What are the core features of addictive behaviour?

A

Salience = importance, dominance
Mood modification = rush and escape
Tolerance = escalation for effect, increasing intensity
Withdrawl = unpleasant effect when use prevented
Conflict = interpersonal, intrapsychic, loss of control
Relapse

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4
Q

What is the moral model of addiction?

A

Addictions seen as wilful violations of societal rules as a result of human weakness
Individual is primary causal factor = something is morally wrong with them

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5
Q

What is the focus of the moral model of addiction?

A

Moral persuasion, imprisonment or spiritual guidance

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6
Q

What is the dispositional disease model of addiction?

A

Primary causal factor is individual = loss of control and restraint is central premise
Addiction is irreversible but can be stopped by total abstinence

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7
Q

What is the personality model of addiction?

A

Primary causal factor is individual = roots of addiction lie in abnormal personality
Resolution requires the restructuring of personality

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8
Q

What are the causal traits of addiction under the personality model?

A

Poor impulse control, low self esteem, inability to cope with stress, egocentricity, manipulative traits, need for control, feeling powerless

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9
Q

What is the premise of Bion?

A

Psychic states and feelings have to be contained to be manageable

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10
Q

What are some features of Bion?

A

Primary motivation = desperate search for container

Drug of choice represents childhood mother = becomes central object of need and supplants other relationships

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11
Q

What is the medical model of addiction?

A

Emphasis on genetic and physiological processes determining addiction
Tries to identify unique biological conditions which contribute to addiction

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12
Q

What is the evidence in support of the medical model of addiction?

A

Addiction is about 50% heritable

Physiological processes influence vulnerability and behaviour

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13
Q

What are the discrete neural circuits involved in different stages of addiction?

A
Binge-intoxication = VTA, ventral striatum
Withdrawl = amygdala
Preoccupation = cortex, hippocampus, insula, cingulate gyrus
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14
Q

What are the limitations of the medical model of addiction?

A

Medical treatments are less effective in promoting abstinence and don’t exist for many addictive behaviours
Addiction is primarily disorder of behaviour

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15
Q

How do people learn behaviours?

A

Through interactions with our internal/external worlds = actions are influenced by associations made between behaviour and environment

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16
Q

What is engaging in behaviours underpinned by?

A

Principles of reinforcement

17
Q

What does addiction result from under the behavioural model?

A

Well-rehearsed, over-learned repertoires of behaviour

18
Q

What is conditioning?

A

Process of learned behaviour modification whereby an individual comes to associate a desired behaviour with previous unrelated stimuli

19
Q

What does treatment of substance misuse require?

A

Must involve relearning new behaviours since substance misuse is a learned behaviour

20
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Associative learning = through repeated pairings with the cue a previous neutral stimuli will come to elicit the same response

21
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Instrumental learning = learning by connecting the consequences of an action with the preceding behaviour

22
Q

What is a habit?

A

Acquired behaviour pattern regularly followed until it becomes almost involuntary = due to associative and instrumental learning

23
Q

What is the cognitive theory of addiction?

A

Addiction recruits and influences cognitive processes = attention and memory biases
Selectively recall particular addiction related info
Implicit bias toward detection of addiction related cues
Leads to involuntary responses and lack of cognitive control

24
Q

What are the features of controlled cognitive processing?

A

Slow, deliberate, effortful, conscious, sequential

25
What are the features of automatic cognitive processing?
Fast, unintentional, no effort required, usually out of awareness, in parallel
26
What does learning a new behaviour require?
Controlled processing
27
What do practice and learning cause?
Make controlled processing obsolete = processes become automatic due to overlearning
28
What happens to the sequence of a behaviour once it has been learned?
Stored in memory and is activated by cues = conscious deliberate thought is no longer required
29
What is the function of addictive behaviour?
Feel good factor = substance provides more of something, common in social/celebratory situations Escape = thoughts/feelings seen as overwhelming, substances help to block out and provide escape
30
What is the central premise of the cognitive behavioural model of addiction?
Perception and thought, in addition to unconscious processes, influence emotion and behaviour
31
What are the features of the cognitive behavioural model?
Addictive thinking maintains drug or alcohol use | Changes in addictive behaviour occur due to changes in motivation, cognition and appraisal
32
What is the biopsychosocial model of addiction?
Concerned with interactions between biological, psychological and social factors Holistic approach = no factors are dominant
33
What are the biological factors in addiction?
Current non-prescribed or prescribed drug use Physical dependency and injecting behaviours Drug use and treatment history High risk sexual behaviour General physical health and physical treatment goals
34
What are the psychological factors in addiction?
Full personal/developmental history Functional analysis of current drug use Beliefs about drug use and coping skills/styles Cognitive functioning Current or past psychological/psychiatric problems Psychological treatment goals
35
What are the social factors in addiction?
Exploring significant relationships Housing and employment Financial difficulties and contact with law enforcement Social treatment goals