Psychological Models of Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

what is the biological/medical model?

A

proposed model for addiction

  • genetic and psychological processes in determining addiction
  • tries to identify biological conditions which contribute to addiction
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2
Q

evidence which supports the medical model?

A

addiction is 50% heritable
physiological processes influence vulnerability and behaviour
discrete neural circuits involved in different stages of addiction
- binge-intoxication = VTA, ventral striatum
- withdrawal = amygdala
preoccupation/anticipation = cortex, hippocampus, insula, cingulate hyrus

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3
Q

limitations of the medical model?

A

medical treatment can reduce harm but not promote abstinence
treatments dont exist for many addictive behaviours, but people still recover
behavioural addictions not discussed

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4
Q

describe the behavioural models for addiction

A

we learn through interactions with internal and external world and our actions influenced by associations we make between our behaviour and the environment/consequences of it
therefore engaging in behaviours is underpinned by principles of reinforcement (taking drugs is pleasurable and likely to lead to rewarding consequences leading to continued/repeated use)

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5
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

associative learning
process of behaviour modification whereby an individual comes to associate a desired behaviour with a previously unrelated stimuli (dog salivating to sound of bell etc)

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6
Q

clinical example of classical conditioning?

A

associations with alcohol

  • pub
  • sunny day
  • party
  • stress
  • money
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7
Q

what is anticipation?

A

where the body physiologically prepares itself for the effects of the drug (or any addicted substance/behaviour) before it actually occurs when it is expected

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8
Q

operant conditioning?

A

instrumental learning

learning by connecting the consequences of an action with the preceding behaviour

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9
Q

examples of positive and negative punishment?

A
positive = adding a stimulus (e.g being shouted at)
negative = taking something away (e.g removing something important to the person)
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10
Q

clinical example of operant conditioning?

A

learning that entering the pub will result in getting a drink
= good time

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11
Q

habit formation?

A

acquired behaviour pattern regularly followed until it becomes almost involuntary
acquired by learning mechanisms (associative and instrumental learning)
automaticity

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12
Q

cognitive theories in addiction?

A

addiction recruits and influences cognitive processes
- attention bias (addicts notice things related to their addiction more than other people - e.g alcoholic would notice sound of bottle clinking in bag across road)
- memory bias (frontal cortex recalls previous using as positive?)
leads to involuntary responses increasing chance of relapse

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13
Q

cognitive processing in addiction?

A
controlled/explicit = slow, effort and conscious
automatic/implicit = fast, unintentional, effortless, in parallel
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14
Q

function of addictive behaviour?

A

increase “feel good” factor and decrease bad stimuli (escape/avoidance)

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15
Q

central premise of the cognitive behavioural model?

A

in addition to unconscious processes, perception and thought influences emotion and behaviour
e.g “addictive thinking”, changes in addictive behaviour due to changes in motivation, cognition and appraisal
assumption - changing content of cognition and motivation can influence behaviour

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16
Q

thinking errors in addiction?

A

permission giving (“its just a treat”)
minimisation (“its only one”)
rationalisation (“i havent used in a whole week so why not?”)
denial (“i can use and stay in control”)
blaming (“She made me angry so i had to use”)

17
Q

describe the biopsychosocial model?

A

concerned with interaction of biological, psychological and social factors in the context of addiction
holistic approach to helping

18
Q

biological/physical factors in biopsychosocial model?

A
current non-prescribed drug use
current prescribed drug use
physical dependency
drug use history
drug treatment history
injecting behaviours
high risk sexual behaviours
general physical health
physical treatment goals
19
Q

psychological factors in the biopsychosocial model?

A
full personal/developmental history
functional analysis of current drug use
beliefs about drug use
coping skills
cognitive functioning
current/past psychological problems
current/past psychiatric problems
current/past contact with MH services
psychological treatment goals
20
Q

social factors in biopsychosocial model?

A
exploring significant relationships
housing
employment
finances
legal
social treatment goals
21
Q

5 parts of basic formulation model?

A
predisposing factors
precipitating factors
presenting problems
protective factors
maintaining factors