Psychological influences on the individual Flashcards
Personality
Unique psychological make up
3 views of personality
- Trait theory
- Interactionist perspective
- Social learning approach
Trait perspective
Innate characteristics which are inherited at birth
behaviour is consistent
Social learning
all behaviour is learnt from environmental experiences & other people
Observe-Identify-Reinforce-Copy
Modelling behaviour
Interactionist perspective
behaviour occurs from the influence of inherited traits and learned experiences
Lewin approach
- traits we are born with are adapted for the situation
Lewin formula
B = f(PxE)
Hollanders model
Core, typical, role-related behaviour
Hollanders Core
values & beliefs - stable, unlikely to change
Hollanders typical response
the usual response the player wold do in a given situation
Hollanders role-related behaviour
changes to behaviour that the situation demands
Attitude
a learned emotional and behavioural response to a stimulus
origins of attitude
Socialisation - childhood - parents / peers / role models
learnt through experiences
Prejudice
an unfolded biased judgement
Negative prejudice, positive prejudice
Triadic model of attitudes
(CAB)
- cognitive - reflects beliefs and knowledge
- affective - feelings or an emotional response
- behavioural - actions and habits. how a person behaves
How are attitudes changed
- cognitive dissonance theory
- persuasive communication theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
Attempt to put pressure on one or more of the attitude components
Persuasive communication theory
changing attitudes through persuasion.
Arousal
arousal is an energised state, readiness to perform, drive to achieve
Theories of arousal
- Drive theory
- Inverted U theory
- Catastrophe Theory
Drive theory
increase in arousal is proportional to increase in quality of performance.
linear relationship
Inverted U theory
as arousal increases so does the quality of performance up to an optimal level - after this performance decreases
Catastrophe theory
suggests as an athletes arousal increases, an athlete‘s performance will also increase up to a certain point.. Too much arousal after the optimum point can lead to a sharp drop in performance (disaster)
Anxiety
negative emotional state of nervousness and worry
Responses to anxiety
- somatic
- cognitive
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somatic anxiety
physiological
- increased heart rate
- sweating
- muscular tension
Cognitive anxiety
Psychological
- irrational thinking
- worry
- nervousness and loss of concentration
Competitive trait anxiety
- anxious before most games
- could be part of players genetic make up
- displayed before all competitions
Competitive state anxiety
- temporary
- response to a particular moment
- can vary throughout the game
Anxiety measures
- self-report (questionnaires)
- Observation
- Physiological testing
Aggression
- intent to harm
- outside the rules
- reactive
- out of control
- deliberate and hostile
Assertive behaviour
- well motivated
- controlled
- within the rules
- goal directed
- not intended to harm
Aggression theories
- Instinct theory
- social learning theory
- interactionist theory
- interactionist theory 2
Instinct theory
- born with aggressive instinct
Social learning theory
- behaviour is learned - nurtured through environmental forces
- copying significant others (role models)
- observe - identify - reinforce - copy
Problems with instinct theory
- not all aggression is reactive - some is pre-intended
Problems with social learning theory
- aggression can be instinctive and reactive
- some players react aggressively without copying others
Interactionist theory
- frustration developed when goal is blocked - frustration triggers aggressive gene - frustration is released if an aggressive act is initiated
Interactionist theory 2
- frustration leads to increased arousal
- frustration causes ‘readiness for aggression’ which is triggered through an environmental cue
Preventing aggression
- do not reinforce aggressive acts
- punish aggressive acts (fines, sending them off, player nbeing substituted)
- talk to player and calm them down
- relaxation methods
- non aggressive role models
Motivation
The drive to succeed
Intrinsic
drive within the performer
Extrinsic
tangible - physical rewards (trophies, medals)
intangible - praise
Social facilitation & inhibition
The effects of an audience on performance
4 types of social facilitation & inhibition
- audience
- co-actors
- competitors
- social reinforces
Home advantage
- home crowd
- larger the audience, greater the influence
- familiarity of surroundings- home players more comfortable
- No travelling needed
Self efficacy
self confidence in a specific situation
self confidence
performers belief that they have the ability to succeed
2 types of confidence
- trait confidence
- state confidence
Trait confidence
- consistent level shown in most situations
- concerns how an athlete rates their ability to perform across a wide range of sports
State confidence
- specific situation
- temporary - varies depending on experience and personality
- concerns how an athlete rates their ability to perform ata particular moment
Vealey’s model
sporting situation
trait sport confidence competitive orientation
state sport confidence
performance in the situation
result of performance
Competitive orientation
extent to which an individual is prepared to compete
Self efficacy - bandura’s theory
- performance accomplishments
- vicarious experiences
- verbal persuasion
- emotional arousal
Performance accomplishments
if success has been experienced in the past - this increases self confidence
Vicarious experiences
what we have observed
Verbal persuasion
encouragement to attempt the activity
Emotional arousal
our perceptions of how aroused we are
stress
perceived imbalance between demands of a task and the individuals ability
sources of stress
- environmental demands
- perception of environmental demands
- stress response
- actual behaviour
Psychological symptoms of stress
- inability to make decisions
- worry
- feeling overwhelmed/ out of control
- inability to concentrate
Physiological symptoms of stress
- increased sweating
- increased oxygen uptake
- dry mouth
- increased breathing rate
- increased heart rate and blood pressure
- decreased blood flow to the skin
behavioural symptoms of stress
- trembling
- raised voice pitch
- nail biting
- pacing
- rapid talking
- frequent urination
Stress management techniques
- thought stopping
- positive self talk
- Imagery
- mental rehearsal
- visualisation
- attention control
- psychological skills training
Attribution theory
what we attribute success and failure to
Attribution
giving reason for behaviour and ascribing causes for events
Weiner’s model
- ability
- effort
- task difficulty
- luck
Self serving bias
tendency of the performer to attribute their success to internal factors (own effort + ability)
while with failure they attributed to external & unstable influences to protect their self esteem
Learned helplessness
belief acquired overtime that one has no control over events and that failure is inevitable
