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A level PE > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac conduction system

A
  1. impulses start at the sinoatrial node
  2. electrical impulses spread through the heart
  3. atrial systole; sinoatrial node spread to the walls of the atria
  4. impulses pass through the atrioventricular node
  5. impulse goes down to the bundle of his
  6. this branches out into the purkinje fibres
  7. ventricular systole
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2
Q

Factors affecting the change in rate of conduction system

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
  • Medulla oblangata
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3
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight= increase heart rate

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4
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Relax and chill= returns heart rate to its resting rate

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5
Q

nervous system

A

Central nervous system & peripheral nervous system

complex network of nerves and cells

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6
Q

cardiac control centre

A

coordinates the CNS & PNS

responsible for regulating the heart

located in the Medulla oblongata

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7
Q

Neural mechanisms

A
  1. Baroreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Proprioceptors
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8
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

detect a change in blood acidity caused by an increase/ decrease in CO2

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9
Q

chemo receptors- increase in CO2

A

Increase in heart rate

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10
Q

Baroreceptors

A

detect changes in arterial blood pressure

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11
Q

Baroreceptor - blood pressure falls

A

arterial pressure increases (arteries vasoconstrict)

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12
Q

Proprioceptors

A

detect an increase in muscle movement

Located in muscles, tendons and joints

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13
Q

Proprioceptor - increase in muscle movement

A

Increase in heart rate

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14
Q

Chemoreceptors - increase CO2

Baroreceptor - decrease in arterial pressure

Proprioceptor- increase muscle movement

A

Chemoreceptor - increase heart rate

Baroreceptor – decrease heart rate

Proprioceptor - increase heart rate

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15
Q

Stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out of the heart per contraction

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16
Q

Venous return

A

volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins

17
Q

Starlings law

A
  1. Increased venous return
  2. greater diastolic filling
  3. cardiac muscle stretched
  4. more force of contraction
  5. increased ejection fraction
18
Q

Average resting heart rate

A

72 BPM

19
Q

Factors that control heart rate

A
  1. Neural controls
  2. hormonal controls
  3. intrinsic control
20
Q

Cardiac output (Q)

A

volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute

Q=SV x HR

21
Q

Cardiac output (Q)

at rest

A

70 x 72= 5040ml

22
Q

Cardiovascular drift

A
  1. period of exercise
  2. heart rate & stroke volume initially increases
  3. fluid lost as sweat
  4. resulting in reduced plasma volume
  5. reduced venous return & stroke volume
  6. Heart rate increases to compensate
  7. cardiac output increases due to more energy needed to cool
23
Q

Vascular system

two types of circulation

A
  1. Pulmonary
  2. systemic
24
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

25
Q

Systemic

A

oxygenated blood to the body from the heart and return of deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

26
Q

Blood pressure

A

the force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall

blood flow x resistance

27
Q

Systolic pressure

A

pressure in arteries when the ventricles are contracting

28
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

pressure in arteries when the ventricles are relaxing

29
Q

Venous return mechanisms

A
  1. skeletal muscle pump
  2. respiratory pump
  3. pocket valves
30
Q

Venous return during exercise

A

venous return increases

31
Q

Vascular shunt mechanism

A

redirecting of blood to the skeletal muscles that require more oxygen during exercise

32
Q

Vasomotor centre

A

blood pressure and blow flow is controlled by the vasomotor centre. located in the medulla oblongata of the brain. during exercise chemical changes such as CO2 and lactic acid increases. these are detected by chemoreceptors. these receptors stimulate the vasomotor centre which will redistribute blood flow through vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

33
Q

A-VO2 difference

A

difference between oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the heart.

A level PE (10 decks)

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