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Psychology midterm #2 > PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS > Flashcards

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the evolution of diagnostic classification? (AXIS)

DSM 3-5

A

AXIS 1- Clinical disorders
AXIS 2- Personality Disorders, Mental retardation
AXIS 3- General medical conditions
AXIS 4- Psychosocial and environmental problems and stressors.
AXIS 5- Global assessment of functioning (GAF Scale).

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2
Q

What are some key changes in the DSM 5?

A
  • Addition of dimensions (1/10 example like you can still have depression if you have only 4 symptoms) strength of depression varies.
  • AXIS 1, 2, AND 3 combined into a single axis.
  • Reorganization of some disorders.
  • NO MOOD DISORDERS CATEGORY.
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3
Q

What defines a disorder?

A

-DISTRESS

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4
Q

What defining features are most obvious in depression and anxiety?

A
  • Maladaptiveness (not adjusting or performing well in your environment)
  • Irrationality (Doing something that’s not rational)
  • Unpredictability
  • Unconventionality and statistical rarity
  • Observer discomfort (When people act in ways that make us uncomfortable)
  • Violation of moral and ideal standards.
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5
Q

How was “nonsuicidal self-injury disorder” established in the DSM5?

A
  • Members from mood disorders and child/adolescent disorders workgroups.
  • Advisors with particular expertise in NSSI.
  • Lots of email and phone discussions.
  • discussed the separateness of self-harming from other disorders.
  • Clinical significance
  • Threshold
  • Defining characteristics
  • Differentiation from other behaviors/disorders.
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6
Q

What are the “Diagnostic Labels” benefits?

A
  • Improves communication between treatment professionals
  • Improves basic and applied (treatment) research
  • Reduces confusion for individuals with a puzzling set of symptoms.
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7
Q

What are the “Diagnostic Labels” Drawbacks?

A
  • Can create stigma/Prejudice/Bias
  • Can affect self-perceptions
  • Can imply that psychological disorders are fixed and enduring
  • Can focus on research on the wrong constructs.
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8
Q

How can we reduce stigma/bias/prejudice?

A

-Celebrities disclosing psychological disorders.
-Health professionals disclosing psychological disorders.
-Changing our language.
“A person with schizophrenia VS A Schizophrenic”

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9
Q

What is the Diathesis-Stress model of psychological disorders?

A

Diathesis - Genetic susceptibility
Stress - Environmental stressors
DIATHESIS + STRESS = PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER.

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10
Q

What are the different types of DSM Anxiety disorders?

A
  1. Specific phobias
  2. Social anxiety disorder (Social phobia)
  3. Panic disorder and agoraphobia
  4. Generalized anxiety disorder
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11
Q

What do we know about specific Phobias?

A
  • A marked fear of or anxiety about a particular object or situation.
  • Elaborate strategies to avoid the phobic object
  • The lifetime prevalence of any kind of phobia is 13%
  • Women are twice as likely as men to have a specific phobia.
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12
Q

What do we know about Social Anxiety Disorder? (Social phobia)

A
  • An anxiety disorder characterized by an extreme fear of being watched, evaluated, and judged by others.
  • Typically emerges in childhood or adolescence and places a person at increased risk for depression and substance abuse.
  • A lifetime prevalence 13%
  • Women and Men are affected equally.
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13
Q

What do we know about panic disorder?

A
  • You have a panic disorder when panic attacks become frequent and planned around.
  • panic attack - intense physical symptoms, can feel like dying.
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14
Q

What do we know about Agoraphobia?

A
  • Fear of public places
  • Just wanna stay home
  • Fear of panic attacks in public
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15
Q

What do we know about generalized anxiety disorder?

A
  • Worry is difficult to control
  • Muscle tension, Elevated heart rate, breathing difficulty
  • Minimum of 6 months
  • Lifetime prevalence: 6 percent
  • Twice as common in women as men
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16
Q

What do we know about Obsessive-compulsive disorder? (OCD)

A
  • Used to be considered an anxiety disorder
  • Obsessions: Unwanted and disturbing thoughts
  • Compulsions: Ritualistic actions performed to control the obsessions.
  • Many Subtypes (Contamination, checking, just right, etc.)
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17
Q

What do we know about Post Traumatic Stress Disorder?

A
  • The persistent re-experiencing of traumatic events (ex. War combat crime disaster) -Flashbacks - Nightmares
  • Avoidance of reminders (Ex. Loud noises at fireworks)
  • Minimum of one month has to be going on to be diagnosed.
  • More common in women
  • 75% of people experience trauma; about 10% or less develop PTSD.
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18
Q

What are the Biological Causes of anxiety disorders?

A
  • Preparedness theory of phobias
  • Neurotransmitters (Anxiety in the family means you probs have it too)
  • Genetic Predisposition
19
Q

What are the behavioral causes of anxiety disorders?

A

-Conditioning/Learning; Avoidance learning

20
Q

What are the cognitive causes of anxiety disorder?

A
  • Evaluation of consequences; Interpretation of events; Danger cost/likelihood.
  • Anxiety sensitivity and panic
21
Q

What are the Psychodynamic causes of anxiety disorder?

A

-Psychic conflict/fears.

22
Q

What is a major depressive disorder?

A

Depression for weeks or months
minimum 2 weeks
-Depressed mood
-Loss of interest/pleasure (Anhedonia)

MUST HAVE TWO OF THESE OR OTHER SYMPTOMS

  • Weight loss of gain
  • Insomnia or Hyper insomnia
  • Psychomotor agitation / Retardation
  • Fatigue
  • Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
  • Decreased concentration
  • Thoughts of death/suicide
23
Q

What is a persistent depressive disorder?

A

Depression symptoms that never let up 2+ depressive symptoms.

24
Q

What causes depression?

A

Biological, Psychological, and Social factors.

25
Q

What is the cognitive process for someone with depression?

A
  • Negative cognitive scheme
  • -> Consistently negative interpretations of events.
  • Explanatory Style
  • -> How we can explain why bad things happen to us.
26
Q

When is there a higher risk of depression?

A

When the explanatory style is:

1) Internal
2) Global/Universal
3) Stable/Permanent

27
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

-Belief (explanatory style) That future is out of one’s control.
EX. Dogs given unavoidable shocks develop:
-Low motivation
-Emotionally rigid, lazy, and scared.
-Difficulties in learning that they can avoid shocks.

28
Q

What did Becks Cognitive triad model emphasize?

A

-Negative views of.. themselves, the world or the future encourage depression.

29
Q

What causes interpersonal stress?

A
  • Hostile/Critical family environment
  • Difficult socio-economic circumstances
  • Many many other stressors
30
Q

What is the cycle of depression?

A
  1. Stressful experiences
  2. Negative Explanatory style (ex. the negative perspective of oneself world or the future)
  3. Depressed mood
  4. Cognitive and behavioral changes.
31
Q

What are the biological factors in depression?

A

Genetics
Neurotransmitters
Overactive emotion-generative brain systems

32
Q

What do we know about genetic and depression?

A

-Concordance rate for depression in identical twins Is twice as high as for fraternal twins.

33
Q

What do we know about neurotransmitters and depression?

A
  • Norepinephrine
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Relative Balance
34
Q

What do we know about Bi-Polar disorder?

A
  • Manic episodes and depressive episodes
  • Formally called manic depressive illness
  • Episodes can vary in length and can exist in a mixed state
  • Lifetime prevalence 4%
  • Almost always recurrent
35
Q

What are signs of mania?

A
  • Overtalkative
  • Overactive
  • little need for sleep
  • Elated
  • Grandiose optimism, and self-esteem
  • Can have positives but more often negatives
36
Q

What is hypomania?

A

A mild form of mania

37
Q

What do PET scans show us about bipolar disorder?

A

PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings.

38
Q

What causes bipolar disorder? and what helps it?

A
  • We dont know
  • 85% heritability
  • Medication (Lithium) helps but we don’t know exactly why
39
Q

What are some facts about suicide?

A
  • Worldwide 800,000 people die each year by suicide
  • Top 10 cause of death
  • 2nd leading cause of death in teens and young adults in North America
  • Rates higher in bipolar disorder but elevated in every psychological disorder.
  • Can occur in those without mental illness
40
Q

What do we know about suicide attempts and ideation?

A
  • For every death there is 20 non fatal attempts
  • Lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts equals about 3%
  • Lifetime prevalence of suicide ideation equals about 9%
41
Q

Who attempts suicide?

A

-All types of people.
Scientists, Doctors, Artists, Athletes, Friends, Family, and loved ones.
-Women are more often attempting suicide but men are more often succeeding

42
Q

What are some motivations for suicide?

A
  • Overwhelming pain
  • Hopeless that things won’t get better ever
  • Similar in adolescents and adults, those in clinical and community settings.
  • -ONLY WHEN THESE TWO THINGS PEAK TOGETHER DO PEOPLE ATTEMPT SUICIDE.
43
Q

How can we reduce suicide?

A

Reach out: Checking in with someone does not increase the risk of a suicide attempt.

44
Q

What are some Risk Reduction Targets?

A
  • Reduce Pain (Medication, or making them feel loved, etc.)
  • Improve hope (If they have hope they can get out of it, a treatment, someone knows what you’re going through0
  • Enhance connectedness (Can be a pull toward life)
  • Decrease capability for suicide (Ex. A bridge where there are many suicide attempts, build barriers.)

Psychology midterm #2 (5 decks)

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