Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology midterm #2 > DEVELOPMENT > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is qualitative progress in development?

A

-Abrupt changes in stages, moving from one stage to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is quantitative progress in development?

A

-Gradual, continual change throughout development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the key questions in developmental psychology?

A

Qualitative or Quantitative?

Nature or Nurture?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some early genetic disruptions?

A
  • Intellectual disabilities
  • Delays in motor development
  • Increased risk for a range of health problems
  • affects 1-691 babies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is tetragen?

A

Environmental agents that can interfere with healthy fetal development (Lead, mercury, carbon monoxide, pesticides.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some factors that can cause early disruptions in the prenatal environment?

A

Alcohol –> Fetal alcohol syndrome
Smoke –> ADHD
Influenza virus –> Severe mental illness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some prenatal - postnatal continuity notes to make?

A
  • Drinking during pregnancy increases the chances offspring will enjoy alcohol
  • Foods consumed prenatally are preferred postnatally
  • Newborns show a preference for mothers voice, not fathers.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the early capabilities of a newborn child?

A
  • Reflexes: Automatic movements triggered by specific types of sensory stimulation.
  • Limited control over their eye, head, and facial movements.
  • Will turn their heads in the direction of human voices and gaze longer at drawings of the face like images (8-12 inches away)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do we know about Imitation in newborns?

A
  • newborns Imitate faces

- Infants seem to seek out others and do as they do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the novelty?

A

Newborns show interest in new stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Habituation?

A
  • A form of learning

- Infants become less responsive that have undergone habituation, typically because of a new stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Dishabituation?

A

The recovery of a response that has undergone habituation, typically because of a new stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is motor development? and what do we know about it?

A
  • The ability to coordinate and perform bodily movements.
  • Motor skills emerge in sequence from the head to the feet
  • Motor skills emerge from the center of the body outward.
  • Huge variation in pace development.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the different types of crawling?

A
  • Creeping on the belly
  • “Army style”
  • Scooting on the bottom propelled by one leg.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do we know about Cognitive development?

A

-Changes in all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of development?

A

Sensorimotor stage (Birth - 2yrs)

  • Knowledge through senses and actions.
  • No symbols or language
  • No object permanence

Preoperational Stage (2 to 7)

  • Symbols, simple object classification (color, shape)
  • Struggle to see situations from multiple perspectives or imagine how situations can change.

Concrete Operational change (7-12)

  • Can use multiple perspectives and imagination to solve complex problems.
  • Can apply this thinking to concrete objects or events.

Formal Operational Stage (12 years and up)
-Adolescents can reason about abstract problems and hypothetical propositions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is object permanence?

A
  • The awareness that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
  • Understanding of natural laws develops gradually over the first two years.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some critiques of Jean Piaget’s stages of development?

A
  • Underestimates children’s abilities
  • Oversimplifies the process of cognitive development
  • Cognitive development is more continuous and less stage-like.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the biology behind development?

A
  • Neural proliferation: The creation of new synaptic connections.
  • Synaptic pouring: The trimming back of unnecessary synapses according to a “use it or lose it”
  • Myelin of axons: The process of insulating axons in Myelin, which speeds their conduct and allows information to move more rapidly through the brain and body.
  • Development doesn’t happen evenly
  • Sensory areas of the brain mature fastest
  • Frontal loves mature more slowly
20
Q

What is our early social and emotional understanding?

A
  • Infants seek out human faces and respond to the faces they see.
  • Infants between four and seven months of age can tell difference between happy, sad, and angry facial and vocal expressions.
21
Q

What is social referencing?

A

Using other facial expressions for information about how to react to a situation.

22
Q

What do we know about attachment?

A
  • First social relationship is with the primary caregiver.
  • Refers to the strong, enduring, emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver.
  • Imprinting: Attaching to the first moving object an organism sees.
23
Q

What did Harry Harlow say about attachment?

A
  • Researchers originally thought human infants teach to those who provide food.
  • Study of infant monkeys and cloth vs. Wire mothers.
24
Q

What did John Bowlby say about attachment?

A

-Comfort, not nutrition, is crucial for human attachment.

Caregiver: Secure base.

25
Q

What are Mary Ainsworth’s three attachment styles?

and what test did she create?

A

-Secure attachment
-Insecure attachment
insecure/Avoidant attachment
Secure/Ambivalent attachment
she created the Strange situation test.

26
Q

What do Securely attached infants grow to be?

A
  • More socially appealing
  • More socially skilled
  • more successful in mastering the language and other challenging tasks
  • Show fewer behavioral problems.
  • Be less likely to develop childhood anxiety disorders.
27
Q

What is temperament?

A

A person’s characteristic patterns of emotion and behaviors that are evident from an early age and argued to be genetically determined.

28
Q

What is irritable temperament and what is it associated with?

A
  • Frequently upset, Difficult to soothe, a precursor to neuroticism.
  • Associated with a higher likelihood of developing insecure attachment.
29
Q

What is symbolic representation?

A
  • The use of words, sounds, gestures, visual images, or objects to stand for other things.
  • Symbolic schemas
  • Language
  • Imaginative play
30
Q

What is Egocentrism?

A

-Difficulty the preoperational children have thinking about how objects or situations are perceived by other people.

31
Q

What is the Theory of mind?

A

-Understanding that we and other people have different minds that represent the world in different ways, and that this knowledge can explain and predict how others will behave.

32
Q

What was Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural view of development?

A

Cognitive development through social interaction with knowledgeable others.

33
Q

What is scaffolding?

A
  • Promoting cognitive development by actively challenging and supporting children as they attempt things are beyond current capabilities.
34
Q

What are the different parenting styles?

A
  1. Authoritative
  2. Authoritarian
  3. Permissive
  4. Disengaged
35
Q

What is puberty?

A
  • The period of sexual maturation during which males and females become capable of reproduction
  • Age 11 for girls, age 13 for boys.
  • Individual differences in timing
  • Early puberty associated with struggles in girls but not boys.
36
Q

What do we know about adolescence and the brain?

A
  • Burst of synaptic growth just before puberty
  • Followed by a second wave of synaptic pruning
  • Myelin increases
  • The limbic system changes more rapidly than the prefrontal cortex develops –> TROUBLE.
  • Moody, Emotional, world-ending when something not right HAHA.
37
Q

What are Kohlberg’s levels of moral reasoning?

A

Preconventional stage- Moral judgments are based on self-interest, such as reward and punishment.

  • Conventional stage- Moral judgments are based on caring for others and upholding social roles and rules.
  • POSTCONVENTIONAL Stage- Moral judgments are based on ideals and broad moral principles.
38
Q

What did Erik Erikson say about identity?

A
  • Stages of social development across. lifespan.
  • Each stage has a developmental task, and a potential psychosocial crisis.
  • Adolescent stage: Identity vs. Role confusion.

*Finding love and engaging in meaningful work are the two tasks of adulthood.

39
Q

What is a social clock?

A

A set of norms that govern the typical timing of life milestones like marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
*Deviations from the social clock can lead to considerable stress.

40
Q

How does generativity contribute to the world?

A
  • More positive emotions
  • Greater satisfaction with life and work.
  • Individual differences in timing and strength of desire.
41
Q

What negative things can come from parenthood?

A
  • May decrease well-being, marital satisfaction, and life satisfaction.
  • Women are less happy than men as parents
42
Q

What positive things can come from parenthood?

A
  • Happiness
  • Positive emotion
  • Sense of meaning in life
43
Q

What are the physical disadvantages of getting older?

A
  • REDUCED:
  • Reaction time
  • Sensory Acuity
  • Muscle and bone -strength
  • Cardiac output
  • Some aspects of this decline are preventable.
44
Q

What do we know about late adulthood: Fertility in women?

A
  • Fertility ends for women around age 50.

- Menopause: The natural end of menstruation, occurring in the middle adulthood.

45
Q

What do we know about late adulthood: Fertility in men?

A
  • Men show a drop in fertility on average between the ages of 35 and 40.
  • Less dramatic than womens decline
  • most men maintain some level of fertility for their entire lives.
46
Q

What do we know about late adulthood cognition?

A
  • Most intellectual abilities get worse.
  • Crystalized intelligence gets better
  • Risk of disorders of cognitive decline (Alzheimers diesease)
47
Q

What are some key predictors of later-life physical and cognitive health?

A
  • Exercise
  • More intellectual, leisure, and social activities
  • Effication and complex jobs
  • Healthy diets (Antioxidants, vitamins, Omega-3 Fatty acids)

Psychology midterm #2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions