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Psychology midterm #2 > MOTIVATION AND EMOTION > Flashcards

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION Flashcards

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1
Q

What is motivation?

A

A need or desire that:

a) Energizes behavior
b) Directs it towards a goal

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2
Q

Why are we motivated to do anything?

A

To avoid pain or gain pleasure

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3
Q

What are the theories of motivation?

A
  1. Instinct theory
  2. Drive reduction theory
  3. Optimal Arousal
  4. Hierarchy of Motives
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4
Q

What are instincts?

A

Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned. (Important but simple)

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5
Q

What is the optimal arousal theory?

A

We seek optimum levels of arousal
too little = boredom
too much = stress

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6
Q

What is the Hierarchy of motives? (by Abraham Maslow)

A

-Certain needs have priority over others.

hunger comes first.

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7
Q

What is the biology of hunger?

A
  • Stomach Contractions
  • Glucose Levels
  • Hypothalamus
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8
Q

What is the hypothalamus’s contribution to hunger?

A

The lateral Hypothalamus increases hunger.

Lower Mid-hypothalamus depresses hunger.

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9
Q

What is sexual motivation?

A

-Natures clever way of making people procreate, enabling our species to survive.

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10
Q

What is the biology behind sexual motivation?

A
  • Estrogen + Testosterone
  • Not exactly like hunger chemicals
  • Like fuel in a car
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11
Q

What is the psychology of sexual motivation?

A

External Stimuli - What we see, read, hear, etc.

Imagined Stimuli - Fantasies.

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12
Q

What are the predictors of sexual restraint among adolescents?

A
  • Intelligence
  • Religiosity
  • Father Presence (for girls)
  • Volunteering
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13
Q

What are the different sexual orientations?

A
  • Homosexual
  • Heterosexual
  • And bisexual
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14
Q

Can animals be gay?

A

lol yes

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15
Q

Origins of sexual orientation are not due to …

A
  • Domineering/Neglectful/Absent father or mother,
  • fear of hatred of opposite gender
  • Current level of sex hormones in blood
  • Childhood sexual abuse
  • Various environmental factors not related to sexual orientation.
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16
Q

What does the brain look like in a homosexual man?

A
  • Anterior hypothalamus is smaller

- Anterior Commissure is larger.

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17
Q

What are the known genetic factors of sexual orientation?

A
  1. Family: Homosexuality seem to run in family
  2. Twin studies: Identical twin is more likely than a fraternal twin to share co-twin homosexuality
  3. Fruit flies: Females can be genetically engineered to act like males during courtship, and males like females.
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18
Q

How do prenatal hormones and sexual orientation work together?

A
  1. Animals: exposure of a female sheep fetus to testosterone results in homosexual behaviour.
  2. Humans: Exposure of a male or female fetus to female hormones results in attraction to males.
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19
Q

From an evolutionary perspective, how did belongingness help?

A
  • Protect against predators, especially the young
  • procure food
  • reproduce
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20
Q

Belongingness affects our…

A

Emotions: Happiness, sadness, loneliness
Thoughts: I want people to like me, value me
Behaviors: Act to increase social acceptance
Mental Health: Depression
Physical Health: Heart health, Early mortality.

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21
Q

What are the benefits of Social Media?

A
  • Increased communication
  • Enhanced learning in and outside the school context
  • Enter access to health information
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22
Q

Downsides of social media

A
  • Facebook depression
  • Cyber bullying
  • Sexting
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23
Q

What is the motivation to achieve?

A
  • Fear of Failure

- Desire for success

24
Q

What is the interviewer illusion?

A
  1. Confirmation bias

2. Anchor and adjustment bias

25
Q

What are all the sensations with emotion?

A
  1. Physiological activation (heart beating, sweating, etc)
  2. Expressive behaviors
  3. Conscious experience (what we feel)
26
Q

When do emotions get activated?

A
  • When a situation becomes relevant to our personal goals.(ex. taking an exam)
  • A coordinated set of behaviours feelings and physiological changes.
  • Emotion is a mobilization (to act toward a personally relevant goal)
27
Q

How are emotions useful?

A
  • Enhance our survival
  • Focus our attention and energize our actions
  • Strongest when we have strong wants/needs to avoid/obtain.
28
Q

What are some theories about emotion?

A

Common-sense view

1. thought leads to.. 2. Emotion, which leads to.. 3. Physiological response.

29
Q

What is James Lang theory?

A

-Physiological activity precedes the emotional experience, dictates the emotional experience.

30
Q

What is the Cannon Bard theory?

A

-Emotion and bodys arousal are simultaneous.

31
Q

What is the two-factor theory?

A

Physical arousal and cognitive Label = Emotion

32
Q

What physiological study might support the two factor theory?

A

The miss tribute theory.

33
Q

What is embodied emotion?

A
  • Emotions involve bodily responses.

ex. butterflies in stomach

34
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

It mobilizes us for an action.
Ex. Respiration increases and supplies more oxygen (more energy)
Blood gets pumped to major muscle groups (Strength because of emotion)

35
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system linked with?

A

-Arousing -Stress hormones(ex. adrenaline) fight or flight.

36
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system linked with?

A

-Calming -Inhibits release of stress hormones -Calms us down, rest and digest system.

37
Q

What are the physiological similarities among emotions?

A

Fear vs. Anger vs Love vs Boredom.

  • All involve mobilization and arousal
  • higher sympathetic lower parasympathetic
38
Q

Do fear and Joy facial expressions use different muscles?

A

YES

39
Q

What part of the brain are fear and anger in?

A

Amygdala

40
Q

Does depression use more right or left frontal activity?

A

Right

41
Q

Does Happiness use more right or left frontal activity?

A

Left

42
Q

Is cognition required for emotion?

A

It is sorta possible for emotions to be generated without any real thoughts happening lol

43
Q

What is the spillover phenomenon?

A

Arousal from a previous event influences a reaction to the next event
ex. horror movie –> anger

44
Q

What are the two routes to emotion?

A

Without conscious appraisal vs. with conscious appraisal.

45
Q

What is the Zajonc/Ledoux perspective?

A

-Emotion without cognition/Appraisal.
*Neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex(‘thinking’ part of the brain) to create fear.
EX. Fearing a spider even though its harmless.

46
Q

How are emotions expressed?

A
  • Face
  • Body
  • Voice Intonation
47
Q

While acknowledging facial expressions, would angry or happy faces “pop out” faster?

A

-Angry faces would because we recognize these as a potential threat.

48
Q

What do we know about women and gender and expressive emotion?

A
  • Women are better at reading non-verbal emotion

- Women often express emotion non verbally

49
Q

What are the 10 basic emotions that IZARD identified that humans experience? and which are not present in infancy?

A

Joy, anger, interest, disgust, surprise, sadness, fear, contempt, guilt, and shame.
-Contempt, Guilt, and shame are not present in infancy.

50
Q

Is emotional expression cross-cultural?

A

-Some emotion words are different so the emotion lens like visually is cross-cultural. BUT gestures are not.

51
Q

What are the levels of emotion?

A
  1. MOOD (min, hour)
  2. TRAIT (very happy, very negative person)
  3. DISORDER (Depression, Sadness that is. long lasting. Anxiety disorders, fear disorders)
52
Q

How did we learn fear?

A

1) Conditioning

2) Observation

53
Q

What is the biology behind fear?

A

Amygdala- Is part that gets extra attention in fear, it activates when we view fearful images.

54
Q

What makes us angry?

A

Friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings
1. Willful
2. Unjustified
3. Avoidable
FOUL odors, High temperatures, Traffic jams, aches and pains.

55
Q

What are some recognizable things in people who are happy?

A

-see the world and safer
-Easier time making decisions
-more cooperative
-Rate others more favourably
-Better health, energy, satisfaction.
FEEL GOOD, DO GOOD PHENOMENON

Psychology midterm #2 (5 decks)

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