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Pyschology 105 > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three social construct D’s when identifying what “abnormal” is?

A

1) Distressing to self or others
2) Dysfunctional for person or society
3) Deviant: violates social norms

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2
Q

Causation and developmental history of an illness or disorder is defined as?

A

Etiology

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3
Q

Probably course of illness or disorder is defined as?

A

Prognosis

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4
Q

Proportion of a population with a disorder at a given time is defined as?

A

Prevalence

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5
Q

What is the demonic model?

A

Abnormal behaviour is the result of supernatural forces

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6
Q

What is the medical model?

A

Abnormal behaviour is the result of bodily processes - disorders as diseases

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7
Q

What defines early biological views?

A

That mental illnesses are diseases like physical illness that effect the brain

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8
Q

What is institutionalization?

A

The movement to relocate mentally ill individuals into asylums or institutions

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9
Q

What is deinstitutionalization?

A

The movement to remove mentally ill individuals from institutions and instead integrate them into communities

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10
Q

What is the vilnerability-stress model?

A

The development of disorders is influenced by the complex interaction between genes and environment

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11
Q

How do genes influence the development of disorders?

A

Genes provide an underlying vulnerability (diathesis) to a given disorder

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12
Q

How does the environment influence the development of disorders?

A

Environmental stressors can influence the likelihood of developing that disease

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13
Q

How is reliability defined in diagnostic considerations?

A

Means that clinicians using the system should show high levels of agreement in their diagnostic decisions

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14
Q

How is validity defined in diagnostic considerations?

A

Means that the diagnostic categories should accurately capture the essential features of the various disorders

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15
Q

What are the three sections in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)?

A

Section 1) History of revisions and changes
Section 2) Criteria for main diagnostic categories and other disorders
Section 3) Assessment measures, criteria for disorders that need further research

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16
Q

What are the social and personal considerations when having issues with diagnostic labels?

A

Becomes easy to accept a label as a description of the diagnosed individual meaning they assume the individual fits stereotype of the disorder - this may develop further where the individual has an expected role and outlook

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17
Q

What are the legal concequences when having issues with diagnostic labels?

A
  • Involuntary commitment
  • Loss of civil rights
  • Indefinite detainment
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18
Q

What are the legal considerations when having issues with diagnostic labels?

A
  • Competency
  • State of mind at time of a judicial hearing
  • Insanity
  • State of mind at time crime was committed
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19
Q

Many disorders are found across multiple cultures with similar symptoms is defined as:

A

Culture Universality

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20
Q

Disorders only found in certain cultures or specifc contexts is defined as:

A

Culture-Bound Disorders

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21
Q

What are 5 types of anxiety disorders?

A

1) Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
2) Panic Disorder
3) Phobias
4) Obsessive-Complusive Disorder (OCD)
5) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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22
Q

How do you define anxiety disorders?

A

Frequency and intensity of anxiety responses out of proportion to situations that trigger them - marked by feelings of excessive apprehension

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23
Q

Out of proportion responses have what components to them?

A

Emotional, physiological, behavioural, and cognitive components

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24
Q

Describe Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A
  • Chronic, high levels of diffuse anxiety that are not tied to any specific threat
  • Constant feelings of dread
  • Starts earlier than other anxiety disorder
  • More common in women than men
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25
Q

What are the physical symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Dizziness, trembling, muscle weakness, heart palpitations, exhaustion

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26
Q

Describe phobias (phobic disorders)

A
  • Intense, persistent, and irrational fears of objects or situations tha pose no real threat
  • Often develop during childhood or adolescence (persistent over time)
  • Degree of impairment depends on how often condition is encountered
  • More common in women than men
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27
Q

What are the most common phobias in western society?

A
  • Agoraphobia: fear of open spaces and public places
  • Social phobias: fear of certain situations
  • Specific phobias: fear of specific objects such as animals or situations
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28
Q

Unexpected anxious feelings that can ramp up in intensity to fear or even terror is defined as:

A

A panic attack

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29
Q

This type of attack is triggered by a certain stressor:

A

Anxiety attack

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30
Q

What are the biological factors involved in anxiety disorders?

A
  • Monozygotic twins more similar than dizygotic twins
  • Low levels of GABA correlate to more reactive nervous system
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31
Q

What are the cognitive factors involved in anxiety disorders?

A
  • Maladaptive thoughts and beliefs
  • Things appraised
    ‘catastrophically’
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32
Q

What are the environmental factors involved in anxiety disorders?

A
  • Classical conditioning: associating an object or situation with pain and trauma
  • Modeling: learning by watching others
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33
Q

What are the sociocultural involved in anxiety disorders?

A
  • Culture defines what is important therefore influences what people worry about
34
Q

What are the sex differences in anxiety disorders?

A
  • Women exhibit more anziety disorders than men
35
Q

Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A
  • Persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in ritual behaviours
  • Obsessions = cognitive component
  • Compulsions = behavioural component
  • Equal prevalence between the sexes
36
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in OCD?

A
  • Cingulate
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Orbitofrontal cortex
  • Thalamus
37
Q

What are the types of mood (affective) disorders?

A
  • Depression (major depressive disorder and chronic depressive disorder)
  • Bipolar disorder
  • Seasonal affective disorder
38
Q

Frequency, itensity, duration of symptoms is out of proportion to the situation is defined as:

A

Clinical depression

39
Q

Persistent feelings of sadness, despair, and loss of interest in activities that used to bring enjoyment which lasts for weeks, months, or years is defined as:

A

Major depressive disorder

40
Q

Reduced ability to experience pleasure is defined as:

A

Anhedonia

41
Q

Describe bipolar 1 disorder:

A
  • Periods of depression alterante with mania
  • Manic state (opposite to depressive state)
42
Q

Describe bipolar 2 disorder:

A

Periods of depressions alternate with hypomania (less severe than mania)

43
Q

What are the differences between emotional manic episodes and emotional depressive episodes?

A

Manic: elated, euphoric, high sociability, impatient
Depressive: gloomy, hopeless, socially withdrawn, irritable

44
Q

What are the differences between cognitive manic episodes and cognitive depressive episodes?

A

Manic: racing thoughts, need for action, impulsive, talkative, self-confident
Depressive: slow-thinking, obsessive worrying, indecisiveness, negative-self image, self-blame, delusions of guilt and disease

45
Q

What are the differences between motor manic episodes and motor depressive episodes?

A

Manic: hyperactive, tireless, needing less sleep, increased sex drive, changes in appetite
Depressive: less active, tired, difficulty with sleeping, reduced sex drive, decreased appetite

46
Q

Describe seasonal affective disorder:

A
  • Pattern of depression that rises and falls with the seasons
  • Leads to excessive sleep and increased appetites
  • Shorter days and reduced daylight appear to be important in winter depression
47
Q

Patient sits in front of high-intensity lights for a couple hours a day is defined as:

A

Phototherapy

48
Q

What are biological factors involved in mood disorders?

A
  • Monozygotic twins more similar than dizygotic twins
  • Underactivity of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin for depression
49
Q

What are the psychological factors in mood disorders?

A
  • Personality-based vulnerability: negative thought patterns, self-perceptions
  • Psychodynamic view: early traumatic losses/rejections create vulnerability
  • Humanistic view: define self-worth in terms of individual attainment, react more strongly to failures due to inadequecies
50
Q

What are the cognitive factors involved in mood disorders?

A
  • Depressive cognitive triad: negative thoughts concerning the world, oneself, and the future
  • Cannot express negative thoughts (Recall more failures vs. successes
  • Depressive attributional pattern: sucess = factors outside self; negative outcomes = personal factors
51
Q

What are the environmental factors involved in mood disorders?

A

Learned hoplessness - expect bad events will occur and actions won’t help

52
Q

What are the sociocultural factors involved in mood disorders?

A
  • Prevalence of depressive disorders
  • Feelings of guilt and inadequacy
53
Q

Feeling separated from your body is defined as:

A

Depersonalization

54
Q

A sense that the world is strange/unreal is defined as:

A

Derealization

55
Q

Forgetting and fleeing their stressful life is defined as:

A

Dissociative Fugue

56
Q

Dissociative amnesia is described as:

A

Experiencing extensive memory loss following trauma

57
Q

Describe dissociative identity disorder:

A
  • Presence of two or more distinct personality states
  • Each identity is unique with their own set of memories, ideas, and thoughts
58
Q

What causes DID?

A

Trauma-dissociation theory/postraumatic model
- DID generally results from severe traumatic experience during early childhood

59
Q

What are the different types of personality disorders?

A
  • Anti-social PD
  • Narcissistic PD
  • Borderline PD
  • Avoidant PD
  • Obsessive-Compulsive PD
  • Schizotypal PD
60
Q

What are the qualities of antisocial PD?

A
  • Thought to be the most destructive to society
  • Exhibit little anxiety or guilt (no conscience)
  • Tend to be impulsive
  • Unable to delay gratification of their needs
  • Often manipulative
61
Q

What are the characteristics of narcissistic PD?

A
  • Individuals display grandiose fantasies
  • Lack of empathy for others
  • Oversensitivity
62
Q

What are the characteristics of boderline PD?

A
  • Instability in behaviour, emotion, identity
  • Emotional dysregulation (inability to control negative emotions)
  • Intense and unstable personal relationships
  • Impulsive behaviour
63
Q

What are the characteristics of avoidant PD?

A
  • Extreme social discomfort and timidity
  • Feeling inadequate
  • Fear of being negatively evaluated
64
Q

What are the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive PD?

A
  • Extreme perfectionism, oderliness, and inflexibility
  • Preoccupied with mental and interpersonal control (often have rules, lists, schedules, etc.)
65
Q

What are the characteristics of schizotypal PD?

A
  • Extreme discomfort in social situations
  • Difficulty with close relationships
  • Often display superstitious and unusual behaviours (seen as eccentric or odd)
66
Q

What are the different types of somatic system disorders?

A
  • Hypochondriasis: unduly alarmed about symptoms, always thinking they are ill
  • Pain disorder: experience pain out of proportion to any stimulation
  • Conversion disorder: (neurological symptom disorder) sudden paralysis, blindness, loss of sensation
67
Q

What are the different types of neurodevelopmental disorders?

A
  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
  • Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
68
Q

What are the different characteristics of austism sepctrum disorder?

A
  • Poor communication skills (language development can be impaired)
  • Lack of social responsiveness (difficulty with eye contact)
  • Repetitive and stereotypes behaviours (routines can be esstential)
  • Atypical thought patterns
69
Q

What are the characteristics of ADHD?

A
  • Two categories of symptoms: attentional difficulties or hyperactivity-impulsivity
  • Correlates with occupational, family, emotional, and interpersonal problems
  • Genetic predispositions
70
Q

What are delusions in the context of schizophrenia?

A

False beliefs sustained despite evidence that would usually dispel them

71
Q

Overestimating the importance is defined as what in the context of schizophrenia?

A

Delusions of Grandeur

72
Q

When an individual thinks someone is out to get them is defined as:

A

Delusions of Persecution

73
Q

False perceptions that feel real are defined as:

A

Hallucinations

74
Q

Describe the subtype Type 1 of schizophrenia:

A
  • Predominance of positive symptoms
  • Pathological extremes
  • Delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech and thought
75
Q

Describe the subtype Type 2 of schizophrenia:

A
  • Predominance of negative symptoms
  • Absence of normal reactions
  • Lack of emotion, expression, motivation
76
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis when looking into the biological factors of schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine hypothesis is the theory that schizophrenia involves high dopamine activity

77
Q

What is the aberrant salience hypothesis when looking into the biological factors of schizophrenia?

A

It suggests that heightened levels of dopamine increase attentional and motivational circuits to make ordinary environmental features seem significant

78
Q

Involuntary movements due to long-term blocking of dopamine receptors in the context of schizophrenia is defined as:

A

Tardive dyskinesia

79
Q

What is the glutamate theory?

A

Hypofunction of NMDA receptors > increases in glutamate > increases dopamine
- Produce positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

80
Q

What are the environmental factors involved in schizophrenia?

A
  • Stressful life events interact with other vulnerabilities
  • High reactivity correlates with psychotic behaviours
  • Negative family dynamics can increase liklihood (especially in homes high in expressed emotion)
81
Q

What are the sociocultural factors involved in schizophrenia?

A
  • Social Causation Hypothesis: higher levels of stress among low-income populations
  • Social Drift Hypothesis: as functioning deteriorates, individuals drift down socio-economic ladder
  • Minimal differences between cultures

Pyschology 105 (8 decks)

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