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Pyschology 105 > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

1
Q

What is personality?

A

An enduring set of internally-based characteristics that create uniqueness and consistency in a person’s thoughts and behaviour

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2
Q

What is a personality trait?

A

Internally-based characteristic that make up one’s personality

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3
Q

What are three distinct elements to personality?

A

1) Uniqueness - personality traits are specific to each person
2) Consistency - how an individual behaves over time in similar situations
3) Explanation - personality provides an explanation to account for the expression of the behaviour

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4
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

A

Psychodynamic theorists look for the causes of behaviour in a dynamic interplay of inner forces that often conflict with one another

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5
Q

What does Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory focus on?

A

Focused on early childhood experiences, unconscious conflicts, and sexual and aggressive urges

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6
Q

What is psychic energy?

A

Generated by instinctual drives and discharged directly or indirectly

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7
Q

What are three mental events?

A

Conscious: things we are aware of
Preconscious: things we are unaware of but that can be easily recalled
Unconscious: things we are unaware of

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8
Q

What is included in the ID portion of the structure of personality?

A
  • Exists within the unconscious mind and is the innermost core of the personality
  • It is the source of all psychic energy
  • Only structure present at birth with no direct contact with reality and functions in totally irrational manner
  • Controlled by pleasure principle
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9
Q

When someone seeks immediate gratification or release, regardless of rational considerations and environmental realities, they are representing what principle?

A

Pleasure Principle

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10
Q

What is included in the Ego portion of the structure of personality?

A
  • Functions primarily at a conscious level
  • Functions to keep impulses of ID in control
  • Decision making component
  • Operates according to the Reality Principle
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11
Q

When someone tests reality to decide when (and under what conditions) the ID can safely discharge its impulses and satisfy its needs is a display of what principle?

A

Reality Principle

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12
Q

What is secondary-process thinking?

A

How we can maximize gratification without the negative consequences of acting against society’s expectations

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13
Q

What is included in the Superego portion of the structure of personality?

A
  • The last personality structure to develop
  • The moral aspect of personality
  • Controls impulses of ID with external control
  • Develops by the age of four or five
  • Repository for the values and ideals of society
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14
Q

What are the four elements of defence mechanism?

A
  1. Weapon of ego
  2. Are distortions of reality
  3. Operate unconsciously
    4) Cause of maladaptive behaviour
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15
Q

What is repression and what is an example of this?

A

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Eg. A traumatized soldier has no recollection of the details of a close brush with death

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16
Q

What is projection and what is an example of this?

A

Attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another

Eg. A woman who dislikes her boss thinks she likes her boss but feels that the boss doesn’t like her

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17
Q

What is displacement and what is an example of this?

A

Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target

Eg. After parental scolding, a young girl takes her anger out on her little brother

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18
Q

What is reaction information and what is an example of this?

A

Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings

Eg. A parent who unconsciously resents a child spoils the child with outlandish gifts

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19
Q

What is regression and what is an example of this?

A

A reversion to immature patterns of behaviour

Eg. An adult has a temper tantrum when he doesn’t get his way

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20
Q

What is rationilzation and what is an example of this?

A

Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour

Eg. A student watches TV instead of studying, saying that “additional study wouldn’t do any good anyway”

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21
Q

What is indentification and what is an example of this?

A

Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group

Eg. An insecure young man joins a fraternity to boost his self-esteem

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22
Q

What is sublimation and what is an example of this?

A

Occurs when unconscious, unacceptable impulses are channelled into socially acceptable, perhaps even admirable, behaviours

Eg. A young man’s lounging for intimacy is channelled into his creative artwork

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23
Q

What is a collective unconscious?

A

Unconscious store of the experiences of past generations of different people throughout the world (ie. ancestral knowledge)

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24
Q

What was Jung’s vision of the collective unconscious?

A

Theorized that each person has conscious and unconscious levels of awareness, proposing that the entire human race shares a collective unconscious which exists in the deepest reaches of everyone’s awareness. He argued that remarkable resemblences among symbols from disparate cultures are evidence of the collective unconscious.

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25
Q

Universal thought patterns, images, and behaviour rituals triggered by specific situations, symbols, and images representing certain people, ideas, or beliefs are what?

A

Archetypes

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26
Q

In Adler’s Individual Perspective, striving for superiority involves what?

A

The universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life’s challenges. Feelings of inferiority push us to better ourselves.

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27
Q

What is the inferiority complex?

A

When feelings of inferiority are extreme

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28
Q

In Adler’s Individual Perspective, what is compensation?

A

The efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing your abilities

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29
Q

What is overcompensation?

A

To hide inferiority complex

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30
Q

In Horney’s Interpersonal Perspective, what does social security entail?

A

A sense of feeling safe and loved in our relationships with others - the motivational force underlying expression of personality

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31
Q

What are the three strategies to seek social security?

A
  1. Moving toward people - Cooperating to obtain affection and protection from others
  2. Moving against people - Aggressive behaviour to obtain power over others
  3. Moving away from people - Social and emotional withdrawal from others
32
Q

What are the strengths based off the evaluation of the Neo-Freudian Perspectives Perspective?

A
  1. Jung’s expanded emphasis on influence of the importance of the unconscious mind
  2. Adler and Horney’s expanded emphasis on the importance of social relationships in the expression of personality
33
Q

What are the limitations of the Neo-Freudian Perspectives Perspective?

A
  1. These persepctives are based on vague concepts that are difficult to measure objectively 2. These persepctives are based on biased samples of clinical on observations
34
Q

A form of learning where liklihood of a behaviours is determined by the concequences of engaging in that behaviour is defined as?

A

Operant conditioning

35
Q

An individual’s personality is a collection of _____________ that are tied to various environmental stimuli.

A

Response tendencies

36
Q

The stimulus being at a large party where they only know relatively few people, the following responses would be the operant tendencies:

A

R1: Circulate, speaking to others only if they approach you first
R2: Stick close to the people you already know
R3: Politely withdraw getting wrapped up in host’s collection book
R4: Leave at the first opportunity

37
Q

What is reciprocal determinism

A

A person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment

38
Q

What is observational learning?

A

When an organism’s responding is influenced by observing others

39
Q

What is self-efficacy? What is the difference between high and low self-efficacy?

A

Your beliefs about your ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes

High - Confident in your ability to execute the responses necessary to get reinforcers
Low - Concern that necessary responses are beyond your abilities

40
Q

What is the consistency paradox?

A

Consistency in behaviour is low

41
Q

How much a person perceives an outcome as being contingent on their own actions rather than on external forces is defined as?

A

Locus of Control

42
Q

What is internal locus of control?

A

Events unders personal control:
Self-determined with sense of personal effectiveness; seeking out information and to become involved

43
Q

What is external focis of control?

A

External forces like luck, chance, powerful others:
Less resistant to social pressures

44
Q

Skinner stressed the role of:

A

Environment

45
Q

Bandura stressed importance of:

A

Learning from others

46
Q

Mischel stressed importance of:

A

Situational factors

47
Q

What is self-concept?

A

Organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself - our own mental pciture of our nature, our unique qualities, our behavioural tendencies

48
Q

In Roger’s Person-Centered Theory, what is self-consistency?

A

Matching among components

49
Q

In Roger’s Person-Centered Theory, what is congruence?

A

Consistency between self-concept and experience

50
Q

In Roger’s Person-Centered Theory, what is incongruence?

A

Disparity between self-concept and experience

51
Q

In Roger’s Person-Centered Theory, what is threat?

A

Occurs when experience is inconsistent with self-concept, leading to anxiety

52
Q

In response to anxiety, individuals can:

A

Modify self-concept to match experience
Distort reality to match self-concept

53
Q

In Roger’s Person-Centered Theory, what is self-verfication?

A
  • Motivated to confirm self-concept
  • Better recall for more consistent self-descriptions
  • Seek out self-confirming relationships
54
Q

In Roger’s Person-Centered Theory, what is self-enhancement?

A
  • Strong tendency to gain and preserve positive self-image
  • Contributes to psychological well-being
55
Q

How is positive self-regard important when trying to self-develop?

A

Experience of being understood and valued gives us freedom to grow

56
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

Independent of behaviour

57
Q

What is conditional positive regard?

A

Dependent upon behaviour

58
Q

In Maslow’s Self-Actualization Thoery, what is defined as self-actualization?

A

Total realization of one’s human potential

59
Q

Describe the two categories of needs:

A

1) Deficiency Needs: things concerned with physical and social survival
2) Growth Needs: unique to humans; push us to develop our potential

60
Q

What is the factor analysis?

A

Statistical approach where the goal is to find correlations among many measured variables
- Analyzed to identify closely related clusters of behaviours
- Each cluster, or factor, reflects a basic dimension of behaviour or trait

61
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘neuroticism’ from the five factor model?

A

Worried VS Calm
Insecure VS Secure
Self-Pitying VS Self-Satisfied

62
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘extraversion’ from the five factor model?

A

Sociable VS Retiring
Fun-Loving VS Sober
Affectionate VS Reserved

63
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘openness to experience’ from the five factor model?

A

Imaginative VS Down-to-Earth
Preference for Variety VS Preference for Routine
Independence VS Conforming

64
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘agreeableness’ from the five factor model?

A

Softhearted VS Ruthless
Trusting VS Suspiscious
Helpful VS Uncooperative

65
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘conscientiousness’ from the five factor model?

A

Well Organized VS Disorganized
Careful VS Suspicious
Self-Disciplined VS Weak Willed

66
Q

What is Eysenck’s Thoery?

A

Personality is structured from a hierarchy of traits
1) Extraversion - Introversion
2) Neuroticism - Stability
3) Psychoticism - Self-Control
- Strong genetic influence

67
Q

Tor F: The five factor model and eysenck’s three trait model is good at predicting behaviour across broad range

A

True

68
Q

TorF: Cattels 16 factors are not good for predicting behaviour

A

False. The 16 factors are good at predicting behaviour, especially to predict more specfically

69
Q

What is concordance rate?

A

The degree to which a characterstic, trait, or disease that occurs in one twin similarily occurs in the second twin

70
Q

What about extreme introverted brains in important in personality?

A

That the brains of extreme introverts are over-aroused which causes people to seek minimization of stimulation

71
Q

What about extreme extroverted brains in important in personality?

A

That the brains of extreme extroverts are under-aroused which causes people to seek maximization of stimulation

72
Q

What is neurological perspective?

A

Examines the extent to which various physiological factors (eg. hormones and neurotransmitters) and brain activity (eg. arousal and inhibition) determine the expression of certain personality characteristics

73
Q

What is seratonin?

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter; low levels associated with greater willingness to engage in thrill-seeking activities

74
Q

What is the ascending reticular activating system?

A

Acts as a filler, regulates arousal in the brain - linked with introversion and extraversion

75
Q

What is reliability?

A

The consistency of a measure

76
Q
A

Pyschology 105 (8 decks)

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