Psychological Development Flashcards
Hereditary factors
Are inborn, inherited factors gained genetically from biological parents. They partly determine individual characteristics
Environmental factors
External biological and social influences
Environmental influences
The care a child is given, the womb environment, peer group influences, and exposure to environment toxins
Biopsychosocial model
Recognised the contributions of biological, psychological and social factors
Attachment
The close emotional bond or relationship between an infant and primary caregiver. Is crucial for infants emotional development
Bowlby
Proposed that mother and infant should not be separated for first 2 years of life. Infants are biologically preprogrammed to form attachment with primary caregiver
Ainsworth
Developed strange situation test. Classified infants into secure attachment, insecure resistant attachment and insecure avoidant attachment
Behaviours displayed in insecure avoidant attachment
Not affected by mother’s presence or absence. Rarely cried when mother left and showed little attention when she returned
Behaviours displayed in secure attachment
Distressed when mother leaves the room but happy and comforted by her return. Explored room when mother is present
Behaviours displayed in insecure resistant attachment
Very distressed when mother leaves and not comforted by her returning
Harlow
Revealed through studies of monkeys that contact comfort I was more important than food in infant caregiver attachment. Also revealed that periods of social isolation in infancy can have debilitating effects on social and emotional development
Pagers key principles
Children either assimilate new situations to existing ideas or accomodate new experiences by changing their ideas
What is the sensorimotor stage (Piaget)
Birth-2 years. Objective permanence and goal directed behaviour
Pre operational stage (Piaget)
2-7 years. Develop symbolic thinking. Contraction. Egocentrism. Animism
What is centration
Only focus of one aspect of a problem object or situation at a time
What is egocentrism
View situations and events only from their own perspective
What is animism
Believe that any inanimate object possesses lifelike characteristics
What is concrete operational stage
7-11 years. Understand conversation. Can reverse thoughts back to line of reasoning and can classify and categorise objects based on common features
What is formal operational stage
12 and beyond. Abstract thinking and can formulate hypothesises when solving problems
what did erikson create
an eight stage theory to explain psychological personality development. each stage consists of a dilemma and if revolved results in a healthy personality and fulfilling life.
what is stage 1 of eriksons theory
babies trusting or mistrusting caregivers
what is stage 2 of eriksons theory
toddlers need to be given autonomy at risk of developing feelings of shame or doubt
what is stage 3 of eriksons theory
preschoolers need to take initiative over their actions
what is stage 4 of eriksons theory
primary school. sense of achievement to avoid low self worth
what is stage 5 of eriksons theory
adolescents struggle with identity and try to figure out who they are
what is stage 6 of eriksons theory
young adults seek intimacy in friendships and other relationships to avoid isolation
what is stage 7 of eriksons theory
middle aged adults focus energy on caring for future generations
what is stage 8 of eriksons theory
older adults begin reflecting to feel integrity or despair
what are periods of development
optimal times for learning, linked to brain plasticity
what is a critical period
early in lifespan when organism is most open to acquiring cognitive/ motor skill. can not normally be acquired at a later stage
what is a sensitive period
when organism is most open to acquiring. lack of appropriate experiences will not make acquisition impossible just more difficult.
