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Psychology 1/2 > Psychological Development > Flashcards

Psychological Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Hereditary factors

A

Are inborn, inherited factors gained genetically from biological parents. They partly determine individual characteristics

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2
Q

Environmental factors

A

External biological and social influences

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3
Q

Environmental influences

A

The care a child is given, the womb environment, peer group influences, and exposure to environment toxins

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4
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

Recognised the contributions of biological, psychological and social factors

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5
Q

Attachment

A

The close emotional bond or relationship between an infant and primary caregiver. Is crucial for infants emotional development

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6
Q

Bowlby

A

Proposed that mother and infant should not be separated for first 2 years of life. Infants are biologically preprogrammed to form attachment with primary caregiver

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7
Q

Ainsworth

A

Developed strange situation test. Classified infants into secure attachment, insecure resistant attachment and insecure avoidant attachment

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8
Q

Behaviours displayed in insecure avoidant attachment

A

Not affected by mother’s presence or absence. Rarely cried when mother left and showed little attention when she returned

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9
Q

Behaviours displayed in secure attachment

A

Distressed when mother leaves the room but happy and comforted by her return. Explored room when mother is present

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10
Q

Behaviours displayed in insecure resistant attachment

A

Very distressed when mother leaves and not comforted by her returning

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11
Q

Harlow

A

Revealed through studies of monkeys that contact comfort I was more important than food in infant caregiver attachment. Also revealed that periods of social isolation in infancy can have debilitating effects on social and emotional development

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12
Q

Pagers key principles

A

Children either assimilate new situations to existing ideas or accomodate new experiences by changing their ideas

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13
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage (Piaget)

A

Birth-2 years. Objective permanence and goal directed behaviour

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14
Q

Pre operational stage (Piaget)

A

2-7 years. Develop symbolic thinking. Contraction. Egocentrism. Animism

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15
Q

What is centration

A

Only focus of one aspect of a problem object or situation at a time

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16
Q

What is egocentrism

A

View situations and events only from their own perspective

17
Q

What is animism

A

Believe that any inanimate object possesses lifelike characteristics

18
Q

What is concrete operational stage

A

7-11 years. Understand conversation. Can reverse thoughts back to line of reasoning and can classify and categorise objects based on common features

19
Q

What is formal operational stage

A

12 and beyond. Abstract thinking and can formulate hypothesises when solving problems

20
Q

what did erikson create

A

an eight stage theory to explain psychological personality development. each stage consists of a dilemma and if revolved results in a healthy personality and fulfilling life.

21
Q

what is stage 1 of eriksons theory

A

babies trusting or mistrusting caregivers

22
Q

what is stage 2 of eriksons theory

A

toddlers need to be given autonomy at risk of developing feelings of shame or doubt

23
Q

what is stage 3 of eriksons theory

A

preschoolers need to take initiative over their actions

24
Q

what is stage 4 of eriksons theory

A

primary school. sense of achievement to avoid low self worth

25
Q

what is stage 5 of eriksons theory

A

adolescents struggle with identity and try to figure out who they are

26
Q

what is stage 6 of eriksons theory

A

young adults seek intimacy in friendships and other relationships to avoid isolation

27
Q

what is stage 7 of eriksons theory

A

middle aged adults focus energy on caring for future generations

28
Q

what is stage 8 of eriksons theory

A

older adults begin reflecting to feel integrity or despair

29
Q

what are periods of development

A

optimal times for learning, linked to brain plasticity

30
Q

what is a critical period

A

early in lifespan when organism is most open to acquiring cognitive/ motor skill. can not normally be acquired at a later stage

31
Q

what is a sensitive period

A

when organism is most open to acquiring. lack of appropriate experiences will not make acquisition impossible just more difficult.

Psychology 1/2 (9 decks)

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