Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapies

Question 1

What are the causes of psychological problems according to Freudian Psychoanalysis?

Answer 1

Unconscious unresolved conflicts that arose during childhood that cause anxiety because the three aspects of the personality (id, ego, superego) want different things.

Question 2

What is the id?

Answer 2

• present at birth
• its life (sexual) and death (aggression) instincts are the primary source of psychic energy
• operates according to the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of its instinctual needs using unconscious irrational means

Question 3

Ego

Answer 3

• develops at about six months of age
• operates according to the reality principle
• it seeks to at least partially gratify the id’s instincts in realistic and rational ways

Question 4

Superego

Answer 4

• the last aspect of personality to develop
• represents the internalization of society’s values and standards and acts as the conscience
• attempts to permanently block (rather than gratify) the id’s instincts

Question 5

According to Freudian Psychoanalysis, what are defense mechanisms?

Answer 5

• happen when the ego is unable to resolve a conflict between the id and superego
• they operate on an unconscious level to deny or distort reality
• they include Repression, Denial, Reaction Formation, Projection and Sublimination

Racing Dogs Run Fast, Play, and Snuggle.

Question 6

What is repression?

Answer 6

• the basis of all other defense mechanisms
• involuntary
• keeping undesirable thoughts and urges out of conscious awareness

Question 7

What is denial?

Answer 7

• immature defense mechanism
• refusing to acknowledge distressing aspects of reality
• methods include ignoring, distorting, and rejecting reality

Question 8

What is reaction formation?

Answer 8

defending against an unacceptable impulse by expressing its opposite

Question 9

What is projection?

Answer 9

attributing an unacceptable impulse to another person

Question 10

What is sublimation?

Answer 10

channeling an unacceptable impulse into a socially desirable (and often admirable) endeavor

Question 11

What are the main goals of Freudian Psychoanalysis?

Answer 11

1. To make the unconscious conscious

2. To strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more on reality and less on instinctual cravings and irrational guilt

Question 12

What are the techniques in Freudian Psychoanalysis?

Answer 12

analysis of the client’s free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference

Question 13

What order do the steps of Freudian Psychoanalysis go in?

a) Interpretation
b) clarification
c) confrontation
d) Working through

Answer 13

1. Confrontation
2. Clarification
3. Interpretation
4. Working through

Question 14

What does Jung’s Analytical Psychology believe about behaviour?

Answer 14

• driven by both positive and negative forces
• affected by the past and the future
• personality develops throughout the lifespan

Question 15

According to Jung’s Analytical Psychology, what are the parts of the psyche?

Answer 15

1. personal unconscious

2. collective unconscious

Question 16

What is the personal unconscious?

Answer 16

consists of a person’s own forgotten or repressed memories

Question 17

What is the collective unconscious?

Answer 17

• consists of memories that are shared by all people and are passed down from one generation to the next
• contains archetypes, which are universal thoughts and images that predispose people to act in similar ways in certain circumstances

Question 18

What is the primary goal of Jung’s Analytical Psychology?

Answer 18

bring unconscious material into consciousness to facilitate the process of individuation

Question 19

What are the main techniques used in Jung’s Analytical Psychology?

Answer 19

• dream interpretation

- analysis of transference

Question 20

What does Adler’s Individual Psychology say about behaviour?

Answer 20

People are motivated by:

• feelings of inferiority that arise during childhood in response to real or imagined inadequacies
• a striving for superiority to overcome inferiority feelings

Question 21

When people’s goals reflect concerns for personal achievement and the well-being of others they have adopted a:

Answer 21

healthy style of life

Question 22

When people’s goals focus on overcompensating for feelings of inferiority and reflect a lack of concern about the well-being of others they have adopted a:

Answer 22

unhealthy style of life

Question 23

What is the primary goal of Adler’s Individual Psychology?

Answer 23

replace the client’s mistaken style of life with a healthier, more adaptive one by helping the client overcome feelings of inferiority and develop a stronger social interest

Question 24

What are the 3 main strategies used in Alder’s Individual Psychology?

Answer 24

• identifying early recollections
• dream analysis
• having clients act “as if” they are already the people they want to be

Question 25

How does Object Relations Theory view behaviour?

Answer 25

motivated primarily by a desire for human relationships

Question 26

The development of mental representations (introjects) of the self and objects that allow the individual to value an object for reasons other than its ability to satisfy the individual’s needs is called:

Answer 26

object constancy

Question 27

The phase of object constancy that occurs during the first few weeks of life when infants are totally self-absorbed and unaware of the external environment is called:

Answer 27

normal autistic stage

Question 28

The second phase of object constance during which infants become aware of the external environment but are unable to differentiate themselves from their caregivers is called:

Answer 28

normal symbiotic stage

Question 29

The last stage of object constancy that goes from about five months of age to about three years in which object constancy gradually develops is called:

Answer 29

separation-individuation stage

Question 30

Order the substages of the separation-individual substage of object constancy:

a) beginning of object constancy
b) practicing
c) differentiation
d) raprochement

Answer 30

1. differentiation
2. practicing
3. raprochement
4. beginning of object constancy

Question 31

What is the primary goal of Object Relations Theory?

Answer 31

provide clients with a corrective reparenting experience in order to replace the client’s maladaptive introjects with more adaptive ones and thereby improve his/her current relationships

Question 32

What are the 3 main techniques used in Object Relations Theory?

Answer 32

1. empathic acceptance
2. analysis of resistance
3. analysis of transference

Question 33

Which of the following is not a similarity between humanistic and existential psychotherapies?

a) phenomenological orientation
b) emphasize acceptance and growth
c) reject medical model
d) focus on the here-and-now

Answer 33

b) emphasize acceptance and growth

This is true for humanistic therapies but not existential therapies.

Question 34

How are humanistic therapies different from existential therapies?

Answer 34

They emphasize acceptance and growth and help clients become more fully-functioning and self-actualizing.

Question 35

How are existential therapies different from humanistic therapies?

Answer 35

They emphasize freedom and responsibility and “help clients confront the anxieties that arise from the awareness of one’s existential condition … [and cultivate] authentic engagement with one’s world.”

Question 36

Match the therapy with its goal:

1. Person-Centered Therapy
2. Gestalt Therapy
3. Existential Therapies
4. Reality Therapy
5. Positive Psychology
6. Personal Construct Therapy

a. help the client identify and replace maladaptive perceptions, interpretations and anticipation of events
b. help clients lead more authentic lives
c. help the client become a fully functioning person engaged in the process of self-actualization
d. replace the client’s failure identity with a success identity by helping them assume responsibility for their actions and adopt more appropriate ways to fulfill their needs
e. help clients foster well-being using the PERMA model
f. gaining awareness of one’s current thoughts, feelings, and actions

Answer 36

1. c.
2. f.
3. b.
4. d.
5. e.
6. a.