Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapies Flashcards
What are the causes of psychological problems according to Freudian Psychoanalysis?
Unconscious unresolved conflicts that arose during childhood that cause anxiety because the three aspects of the personality (id, ego, superego) want different things.
What is the id?
- present at birth
- its life (sexual) and death (aggression) instincts are the primary source of psychic energy
- operates according to the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of its instinctual needs using unconscious irrational means
Ego
- develops at about six months of age
- operates according to the reality principle
- it seeks to at least partially gratify the id’s instincts in realistic and rational ways
Superego
- the last aspect of personality to develop
- represents the internalization of society’s values and standards and acts as the conscience
- attempts to permanently block (rather than gratify) the id’s instincts
According to Freudian Psychoanalysis, what are defense mechanisms?
- happen when the ego is unable to resolve a conflict between the id and superego
- they operate on an unconscious level to deny or distort reality
- they include Repression, Denial, Reaction Formation, Projection and Sublimination
Racing Dogs Run Fast, Play, and Snuggle.
What is repression?
- the basis of all other defense mechanisms
- involuntary
- keeping undesirable thoughts and urges out of conscious awareness
What is denial?
- immature defense mechanism
- refusing to acknowledge distressing aspects of reality
- methods include ignoring, distorting, and rejecting reality
What is reaction formation?
defending against an unacceptable impulse by expressing its opposite
What is projection?
attributing an unacceptable impulse to another person
What is sublimation?
channeling an unacceptable impulse into a socially desirable (and often admirable) endeavor
What are the main goals of Freudian Psychoanalysis?
- To make the unconscious conscious
2. To strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more on reality and less on instinctual cravings and irrational guilt
What are the techniques in Freudian Psychoanalysis?
analysis of the client’s free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference
What order do the steps of Freudian Psychoanalysis go in?
a) Interpretation
b) clarification
c) confrontation
d) Working through
- Confrontation
- Clarification
- Interpretation
- Working through
What does Jung’s Analytical Psychology believe about behaviour?
- driven by both positive and negative forces
- affected by the past and the future
- personality develops throughout the lifespan
According to Jung’s Analytical Psychology, what are the parts of the psyche?
- personal unconscious
2. collective unconscious
What is the personal unconscious?
consists of a person’s own forgotten or repressed memories
What is the collective unconscious?
- consists of memories that are shared by all people and are passed down from one generation to the next
- contains archetypes, which are universal thoughts and images that predispose people to act in similar ways in certain circumstances
What is the primary goal of Jung’s Analytical Psychology?
bring unconscious material into consciousness to facilitate the process of individuation
What are the main techniques used in Jung’s Analytical Psychology?
- dream interpretation
- analysis of transference
What does Adler’s Individual Psychology say about behaviour?
People are motivated by:
- feelings of inferiority that arise during childhood in response to real or imagined inadequacies
- a striving for superiority to overcome inferiority feelings
When people’s goals reflect concerns for personal achievement and the well-being of others they have adopted a:
healthy style of life
When people’s goals focus on overcompensating for feelings of inferiority and reflect a lack of concern about the well-being of others they have adopted a:
unhealthy style of life
What is the primary goal of Adler’s Individual Psychology?
replace the client’s mistaken style of life with a healthier, more adaptive one by helping the client overcome feelings of inferiority and develop a stronger social interest
What are the 3 main strategies used in Alder’s Individual Psychology?
- identifying early recollections
- dream analysis
- having clients act “as if” they are already the people they want to be
How does Object Relations Theory view behaviour?
motivated primarily by a desire for human relationships
The development of mental representations (introjects) of the self and objects that allow the individual to value an object for reasons other than its ability to satisfy the individual’s needs is called:
object constancy
The phase of object constancy that occurs during the first few weeks of life when infants are totally self-absorbed and unaware of the external environment is called:
normal autistic stage
The second phase of object constance during which infants become aware of the external environment but are unable to differentiate themselves from their caregivers is called:
normal symbiotic stage
The last stage of object constancy that goes from about five months of age to about three years in which object constancy gradually develops is called:
separation-individuation stage
Order the substages of the separation-individual substage of object constancy:
a) beginning of object constancy
b) practicing
c) differentiation
d) raprochement
- differentiation
- practicing
- raprochement
- beginning of object constancy
What is the primary goal of Object Relations Theory?
provide clients with a corrective reparenting experience in order to replace the client’s maladaptive introjects with more adaptive ones and thereby improve his/her current relationships
What are the 3 main techniques used in Object Relations Theory?
- empathic acceptance
- analysis of resistance
- analysis of transference
Which of the following is not a similarity between humanistic and existential psychotherapies?
a) phenomenological orientation
b) emphasize acceptance and growth
c) reject medical model
d) focus on the here-and-now
b) emphasize acceptance and growth
This is true for humanistic therapies but not existential therapies.
How are humanistic therapies different from existential therapies?
They emphasize acceptance and growth and help clients become more fully-functioning and self-actualizing.
How are existential therapies different from humanistic therapies?
They emphasize freedom and responsibility and “help clients confront the anxieties that arise from the awareness of one’s existential condition … [and cultivate] authentic engagement with one’s world.”
Match the therapy with its goal:
- Person-Centered Therapy
- Gestalt Therapy
- Existential Therapies
- Reality Therapy
- Positive Psychology
- Personal Construct Therapy
a. help the client identify and replace maladaptive perceptions, interpretations and anticipation of events
b. help clients lead more authentic lives
c. help the client become a fully functioning person engaged in the process of self-actualization
d. replace the client’s failure identity with a success identity by helping them assume responsibility for their actions and adopt more appropriate ways to fulfill their needs
e. help clients foster well-being using the PERMA model
f. gaining awareness of one’s current thoughts, feelings, and actions
- c.
- f.
- b.
- d.
- e.
- a.
