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EPPP - Clinical Psychology > Cross-Cultural Issues - Identity Development Models > Flashcards

Cross-Cultural Issues - Identity Development Models Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 stages of Atkinson, Morten and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Model?

A
  1. Conformity
  2. Dissonance
  3. Resistance and immersion
  4. Introspection
  5. Integrative Awareness
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2
Q

Explain the characteristics of people in the conformity stage of the R/CID Model.

A
  • have either neutral or negative attitudes toward members of their own minority group and other minority groups
  • have positive attitudes toward members of the majority group
  • accept negative stereotypes of their own group
  • consider the values and standards of the majority group to be superior
  • prefer a therapist from the majority group and
  • view a therapist’s attempts to help them explore their cultural identity as threatening
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3
Q

Explain the characteristics of people in the dissonance stage of the R/CID Model.

A
  • question their attitudes toward members of their own minority group, other minority groups, and the majority group as a result of exposure to information/events that contradict their worldview
  • aware of the effects of racism
  • interested in learning about their own culture
  • may prefer a therapist from the majority group but want the therapist to be familiar with their culture
  • interested in exploring their cultural identity
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4
Q

Explain the characteristics of people in the resistance and immersion stage of the R/CID Model.

A
  • have positive attitudes toward members of their own minority group
  • have conflicting attitudes toward members of other minority groups
  • have negative attitudes toward members of the majority group
  • unlikely to seek therapy because of their suspiciousness of mental health services
  • likely to attribute their psychological problems to racism when they do seek therapy
  • prefer a therapist from their own minority group
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5
Q

Explain the characteristics of people in the introspection stage of the R/CID Model.

A
  • question their unequivocal allegiance to their own group
  • concerned about the biases that affect their judgments of members of other groups
  • comfortable with their cultural identity but are also concerned about their autonomy and individuality
  • may prefer a therapist from their own minority group but are willing to consider a therapist from another group who understands their worldview
  • interested in exploring their new sense of identity
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6
Q

Explain the characteristics of people in the integrative awareness stage of the R/CID Model.

A
  • aware of the positive and negative aspects of all cultural groups
  • secure in their cultural identity
  • committed to eliminating all forms of oppression and becoming more multicultural
  • preference for a therapist is based on similarity of worldview
  • interested in strategies aimed at community and societal change
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7
Q

What are the 5 stages in the original (1971) Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model?

A
  1. Pre-encounter
  2. Encounter
  3. Immersion-Emersion
  4. Internalization
  5. Internalization-Commitment
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8
Q

Explain the characteristics of people in the pre-encounter stage of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model.

A
  • idealize and prefer White culture

- have negative attitudes toward their own Black culture and may view it as an obstacle and source of stigma

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9
Q

Explain the characteristics of people in the encounter stage of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model.

A
  • question their views of White and Black cultures as the result of exposure to events that cause them to become aware of the impact of racism on their lives
  • interested in learning about and becoming connected to their own culture
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10
Q

Explain the characteristics of people in the immersion-emersion stage of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model.

A

reject White culture and idealize and become immersed in their own culture

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11
Q

Explain the characteristics of people in the internalization stage of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model.

A
  • defensiveness and emotional intensity related to race decrease
  • have a positive Black identity
  • tolerate or respect racial and cultural differences
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12
Q

Explain the characteristics of people in the internalization-commitment stage of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model.

A
  • have internalized a Black identity

- committed to social activism to reduce all forms of oppression

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13
Q

How did Cross revise Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model in 1991?

A

reduced the number of stages to four by combining the internalization and internalization-commitment stages

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14
Q

How did Cross and Vandiver revise Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model in 2001?

A
  • reduced it to three stages, with each stage including multiple identity subtypes
    1. Pre-encounter: includes assimilation, miseducation, and self-hatred subtypes. 2. Immersion-emersion: intense Black involvement and anti-White subtypes
    3. Internalization stage: consists of Black nationalist, biculturalist, and multiculturalist subtypes
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15
Q

Explain Sellers, Smith Bynum, Rowley, and Chavous’s Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI).

A
  • proposes that a person’s racial identity may vary across time and situations
  • developed for African American individuals
  • distinguishes between four dimensions of racial identity
  • dimensions of racial identity can help clarify why individuals respond to similar situations differently
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16
Q

What are the 4 dimensions of racial identity according to the Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI)?

A
  1. racial salience
  2. racial centrality
  3. racial regard
  4. racial ideology
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17
Q

What is racial salience?

A

the extent to which a person’s race is a relevant part of his/her self-concept at a particular point in time and in a particular situation

18
Q

What is racial centrality?

A
  • the extent to which a person normatively defines him/herself in terms of race and is affected by the importance of race to the person relative to other identities such as gender and religion
  • relatively stable across situations
19
Q

What is racial regard?

A
  • includes private and public regard
  • private regard refers to the extent to which a person feels positively or negatively toward African Americans and how positively or negatively he/she feels about being an African American
  • public regard refers to the extent to which a person feels that others view African Americans positively or negatively
  • private and public regard are not necessarily related
20
Q

What is racial ideology?

A
  • a person’s beliefs and opinions about the ways African Americans should live and interact with society
  • may depend on the context
21
Q

According to Sellers, Smith Bynum, Rowley, and Chavous, what are the 4 racial ideologies?

A
  1. Nationalist
  2. Oppressed minority
  3. Assimilationist
  4. Humanist
22
Q

What is the nationalist ideology?

A

view the African American experience as being unique and believe African Americans should control their own destinies with minimal input from other groups

23
Q

What is the oppressed minority ideology?

A

emphasize the similarity of the oppression experienced by African Americans and members of other minority groups, and they’re interested in forming coalitions with other groups

24
Q

What is the assimilationist ideology?

A

emphasize similarities between African Americans and the rest of American society and believe that African Americans should work within the system to change it

25
Q

What is the humanist ideology?

A

emphasize the similarities of all humans, give race low centrality, and are more concerned with issues facing the human race such as peace, poverty, and climate change

26
Q

Explain Helms’s White Racial Identity Development (WRID) Model.

A
  • consists of two phases: 1) abandonment of racism, and 2) defining a nonracist White identity
  • each phase includes three statuses
  • each status is characterized by a different information processing strategy (IPS) that people use to think about race-related issues
27
Q

What are the 6 statuses in the White Racial Identity Development Model?

A
  1. Contact
  2. Disintegration
  3. Reintegration
  4. Pseudo-Independence
  5. Immersion-Emersion
  6. Autonomy
28
Q

Explain the contact status in the White Racial Identity Development Model?

A
  • characterized by a lack of awareness of racism and satisfaction with the racial status quo
  • people in this status usually have had limited contact with people from racial minority groups and may describe themselves as being colorblind
  • information processing strategy: obliviousness
  • part of the abandonment of racism phase
29
Q

Explain the disintegration status in the White Racial Identity Development Model?

A
  • people transition to this status when they become aware of contradictions that create race-related moral dilemmas
  • these dilemmas cause confusion and anxiety
  • information processing strategy: suppression and ambivalence
  • part of the abandonment of racism phase
30
Q

Explain the reintegration status in the White Racial Identity Development Model?

A
  • people in this status have attempted to resolve the dilemmas of the previous status by believing that Whites are superior to minority group members and blaming minority group members for their own problems
  • information processing strategy: selective perception and negative out-group distortion
  • part of the abandonment of racism phase
31
Q

Explain the pseudo-independence status in the White Racial Identity Development Model?

A
  • people transition to this status when faced with an event that makes them question their beliefs about Whites and members of minority groups
  • characterized by a superficial tolerance of minority group members that may be accompanied by paternalistic attitudes and behaviors that perpetuate racism
  • information processing strategy: reshaping reality and selective perception
  • part of the defining a nonracist White identity phase
32
Q

Explain the immersion-emersion status in the White Racial Identity Development Model?

A
  • people in this status search for a personal meaning of racism and an understanding of what it means to be White and to benefit from White privilege
  • information processing strategy: hypervigilance and reshaping
  • part of the defining a nonracist White identity phase
33
Q

Explain the autonomy status in the White Racial Identity Development Model?

A
  • people attain a state of autonomy when they develop a nonracist White identity, value diversity, and can explore issues related to race and racism without defensiveness
  • information processing strategy: flexibility and complexity
  • part of the defining a nonracist White identity phase
34
Q

According to Helm, what is the optimal therapist-client relationship when a White therapist is working with a client from a minority group?

A

when the therapist has a more integrated and flexible racial identity than the client has

35
Q

Explain Troiden’s Model of Homosexual Identity Development.

A

proposes that homosexual identities are most fully realized when there is agreement between a person’s self-identity, perceived identity, and presented identity

36
Q

What are the 4 stages of Troiden’s Model of Homosexual Identity Development?

A
  1. Sensitization
  2. Identity Confusion
  3. Identity Assumption
  4. Identity Commitment
37
Q

Describe the sensitization stage of Troiden’s Model of Homosexual Identity Development.

A
  • occurs during childhood

- characterized by feeling different from same-sex peers

38
Q

Describe the identity confusion stage of Troiden’s Model of Homosexual Identity Development.

A
  • begins in middle or late adolescence
  • individuals start to feel sexually attracted to individuals of the same sex and suspect that they’re gay or lesbian
  • this suspicion leads to uncertainty and anxiety which they attempt to alleviate with denial, avoidance, repair (attempting to change), redefinition (viewing homosexual feelings as a phase), or acceptance
39
Q

Describe the identity assumption stage of Troiden’s Model of Homosexual Identity Development.

A
  • occurs when the person begins to accept a gay or lesbian identity, which is usually 19-21 for males and 21-23 for females
  • seek out social and sexual relationships with gays or lesbians and disclose their sexual orientation to gay and lesbian peers and adults and to some heterosexual family members and friends
40
Q

Describe the identity commitment stage of Troiden’s Model of Homosexual Identity Development.

A
  • have internalized a gay or lesbian identity, accepted homosexuality as a way of life, and are comfortable disclosing their sexual orientation to heterosexual individuals including family members, friends, and coworkers

EPPP - Clinical Psychology (7 decks)

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