Psychodynamic 2: ft behaviourists Flashcards
What were the two types of the unconscious according to Jung?
- Personal unc: same as freud’s
- Collective unc: deeper, more ancestral/spiritual memories shared by all humans called archetypes
- these are emotionally charged
Give an example of collective unconscious
Mandalas. Present across many cultures
Give a high level overview of Adler’s Individual psychology
Achievement and superiority driving motives, not sex. Compensation is used to overcome (real or perceived) inferiorities
Explain the difference between compensation and overcompensation.
Compensation: normal, general self improvement
overcomp: comes from inferiority complex, done to conceal feelings of inferiority
What caused inferiority complexes according to Adler?
Too much pampering or neglect as a kid
What else did Adler first introduce?
The idea that birth-order influenced personality.
What differences did birth order have on people?
1st born: spolied, dethroned. So conscientious and agreeable
2nd born: rebellious, openness
What are the four demonstrations of psychodynamic theories?
- Unc influences behaviour
- internal conflict is key for distress
- childhood influences adult personality
- self defence mechanisms are adopted to reduce bad feels
What are the main criticisms of PD theories?
- Poor testability: too vague for science
- Inadequate evidence: too heavily on clinical case studies that were of rich distressed ladies. Too vague
- Sexism: Penis envy? Penis envy?? -> thought women had weaker superegos -> Horney->misrepresented female experience
What are the three “tenants” of behaviourism?
- strong emphasis on learning, mailability
- Anti-mentalism: doing science
- No interesting differences between species
Who said this: “there is no place in the scientific position for a self as a true originator or initiator of action” and what did it mean?
Skinner. Meant that i/e/se and internal mental functions couldn’t be measured and thus not studied
What is Skinner’s take on personality?
We have consistent responses to things because our response patterns are stable from learning/conditioning with specific stimuli
What is the long-term view of behaviourism here?
Our response patterns can change from new experiences, but there is a through-line here
Why wasn’t cognition important for behaviourists?
Because conditioning happens in non-intelligent animals and happens mechanically
What kind of conditioning and reinforcements are used here?
Operant:
- positive (good)
- negative (avoid bad)
- Punishment (anything less likely to make you do that again
Explain Bandura’s social cognitive theory
Still learning, but cognition IS very important because people interact with their learning choices and try to shape the outcomes of their lives.
What is forward direct planning according to bandura?
Setting goals for actions that produce good outcomes or avoid bad ones
What is reciprocal determinism? What does it imply?
internal mental events, external environment, and overt behaviour all influence one another in a feedback loop
- Therefore not masters of fate, but not helpless leaves in the wind
What is a model?
(good buy on car - > friend) living vicariously in observational learning
What are the four most powerful types of models according to bandura/observational learning?
- People you like and respect
- attractive people (or powerful)
- people similar to you (so same sex parents for kids)
- Those who’s behaviour leads to positive outcomes
What does having high/low self-efficacy mean?
High: confidence in behaviour that will lead to desired outcome
Low: low confidence in this field
What’s more important than self esteem? Why?
(you’re the best) vs (you have confidence in this task) self efficacy
What are some perks of high self-efficacy?
Sticking to things (gym, school, promotion) less jealousy
What is the situation-person controversey?
Basically, people influenced by the situation. If you think you’re likely to get a promotion, you’re behaviour at work will be more productive than if not.
What is the self-monitering trait? Give an example
Means you’re good at regulating behaviour based on the situation. So if I have a job interview, I’ll act more professional
What is the end take on situation v person?
Small sections of behaviour, moment to moment ->situation has more influence
Large sections of behaviour (being examined) -> longer periods -> behaviour more consistent (so within person)
Need BOTH to predict what a person will do
What’s the take on behaviourism?
Good because it’s empirical, people protested lack of cognition (before Bandura) and animal equivalencies
