Psychodynamic 2: ft behaviourists

Question 1

What were the two types of the unconscious according to Jung?

Answer 1

1. Personal unc: same as freud’s
2. Collective unc: deeper, more ancestral/spiritual memories shared by all humans called archetypes
   - these are emotionally charged

Question 2

Give an example of collective unconscious

Answer 2

Mandalas. Present across many cultures

Question 3

Give a high level overview of Adler’s Individual psychology

Answer 3

Achievement and superiority driving motives, not sex. Compensation is used to overcome (real or perceived) inferiorities

Question 4

Explain the difference between compensation and overcompensation.

Answer 4

Compensation: normal, general self improvement
overcomp: comes from inferiority complex, done to conceal feelings of inferiority

Question 5

What caused inferiority complexes according to Adler?

Answer 5

Too much pampering or neglect as a kid

Question 6

What else did Adler first introduce?

Answer 6

The idea that birth-order influenced personality.

Question 7

What differences did birth order have on people?

Answer 7

1st born: spolied, dethroned. So conscientious and agreeable
2nd born: rebellious, openness

Question 8

What are the four demonstrations of psychodynamic theories?

Answer 8

1. Unc influences behaviour
2. internal conflict is key for distress
3. childhood influences adult personality
4. self defence mechanisms are adopted to reduce bad feels

Question 9

What are the main criticisms of PD theories?

Answer 9

1. Poor testability: too vague for science
2. Inadequate evidence: too heavily on clinical case studies that were of rich distressed ladies. Too vague
3. Sexism: Penis envy? Penis envy?? -> thought women had weaker superegos -> Horney->misrepresented female experience

Question 10

What are the three “tenants” of behaviourism?

Answer 10

1. strong emphasis on learning, mailability
2. Anti-mentalism: doing science
3. No interesting differences between species

Question 11

Who said this: “there is no place in the scientific position for a self as a true originator or initiator of action” and what did it mean?

Answer 11

Skinner. Meant that i/e/se and internal mental functions couldn’t be measured and thus not studied

Question 12

What is Skinner’s take on personality?

Answer 12

We have consistent responses to things because our response patterns are stable from learning/conditioning with specific stimuli

Question 13

What is the long-term view of behaviourism here?

Answer 13

Our response patterns can change from new experiences, but there is a through-line here

Question 14

Why wasn’t cognition important for behaviourists?

Answer 14

Because conditioning happens in non-intelligent animals and happens mechanically

Question 15

What kind of conditioning and reinforcements are used here?

Answer 15

Operant:

1. positive (good)
2. negative (avoid bad)
3. Punishment (anything less likely to make you do that again

Question 16

Explain Bandura’s social cognitive theory

Answer 16

Still learning, but cognition IS very important because people interact with their learning choices and try to shape the outcomes of their lives.

Question 17

What is forward direct planning according to bandura?

Answer 17

Setting goals for actions that produce good outcomes or avoid bad ones

Question 18

What is reciprocal determinism? What does it imply?

Answer 18

internal mental events, external environment, and overt behaviour all influence one another in a feedback loop
- Therefore not masters of fate, but not helpless leaves in the wind

Question 19

What is a model?

Answer 19

(good buy on car - > friend) living vicariously in observational learning

Question 20

What are the four most powerful types of models according to bandura/observational learning?

Answer 20

1. People you like and respect
2. attractive people (or powerful)
3. people similar to you (so same sex parents for kids)
4. Those who’s behaviour leads to positive outcomes

Question 21

What does having high/low self-efficacy mean?

Answer 21

High: confidence in behaviour that will lead to desired outcome
Low: low confidence in this field

Question 22

What’s more important than self esteem? Why?

Answer 22

(you’re the best) vs (you have confidence in this task) self efficacy

Question 23

What are some perks of high self-efficacy?

Answer 23

Sticking to things (gym, school, promotion) less jealousy

Question 24

What is the situation-person controversey?

Answer 24

Basically, people influenced by the situation. If you think you’re likely to get a promotion, you’re behaviour at work will be more productive than if not.

Question 25

What is the self-monitering trait? Give an example

Answer 25

Means you’re good at regulating behaviour based on the situation. So if I have a job interview, I’ll act more professional

Question 26

What is the end take on situation v person?

Answer 26

Small sections of behaviour, moment to moment ->situation has more influence

Large sections of behaviour (being examined) -> longer periods -> behaviour more consistent (so within person)

Need BOTH to predict what a person will do

Question 27

What’s the take on behaviourism?

Answer 27

Good because it’s empirical, people protested lack of cognition (before Bandura) and animal equivalencies