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PSYCSEM2 > Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four broad stages of life?

A
  1. Prenatal development
  2. Childhood
  3. Adolescence
  4. Adulthood
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2
Q

What are the two main themes when looking at human development? Define development

A
  1. transitions (between stages of development)
  2. Continuity (between transitions/stages)
    D: a sequence of age-related changes that occur throughout life
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3
Q

Define prenatal development

A

From conception to birth. Rapid period of development that tapers off in weeks before birth

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4
Q

What are the three stages of prenatal development? How long do they last?

A
  1. Germinal (2 weeks)
  2. Embryonic (2 weeks - 2 months)
  3. Fetal (2 months - birth)
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5
Q

Give a high level overview of the germinal stage. What process occurs?

A
  • Zygote created through fertilization
  • Cells multiply rapidly
  • Fallopian tube to uterine cavity (attaches to wall)
  • Implantation process: placenta formed and feeds zygote
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6
Q

At what point do most pregnancies end before the woman notices?

A

germinal stage. Very delicate

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7
Q

Give a high level overview of the embryonic stage

A
  • called embryo
  • most organs (heart, brain, spine) and spine form
  • cell division becomes specialized, starts to look human
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8
Q

When are damage/disruptions most damaging? What is one factor for miscarriages?

A

Embryonic stage: most miscarriages, birth defects, genetic abnormalities (which will be expelled as miscarriages)

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9
Q

Give a high level overview of the fetal stage

A

Skeleton hardens, capable of physical movement

  • sex organs, brain develops
  • organ systems mature
  • prepare for outside world
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10
Q

What is the age of viability?

A

minimum age of development that a fetus can survive premature birth (22-26 weeks)
-slim chances at 22 weeks, increases to 67% at 25w

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11
Q

Give a high level overview of how sex is determined. When during this is sex determined?

A

Egg: x C
Sperm X or Y C
Sexless until week 6.
2nd half of week six: hormonal changes in Y C, can become male

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12
Q

What is SRY and how does it determine sex? How can it backfire?

A

Sex-determining Region of Y (C): when activated will make XY (male). Sometimes misfires, so born a female with XY C

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13
Q

What will a woman with XY chromosomes be like?

A

Outwardly female, but will be sterile. Only detectable in puberty (and only through testing)

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14
Q

Why does schizophrenia have a higher rate among men?

A

SRY involved in dopamine creation which is linked to schizophrenia

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15
Q

Can you detect chromosomes through ultra sound?

A

No. Have to tell via genitals

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16
Q

What are teratogens ?

A

Any external agents that harm a fetus

17
Q

What impacts do maternal heroine and cocaine use have on babies?

A

H: outright addiction
C: birth complications and cognitive defects

18
Q

What are some effects of FASD, and how many does it effect? List 5

A

1/9 babies!

  • small head (microcephaly),
  • heart defects,
  • mood problems,
  • mental/motor development,
  • lower attention span
19
Q

What’s an additional concern with measuring FASD?

A

No safe amount of alcohol. So, many are effected but don’t quite meet criteria

20
Q

What two impacts can smoking have on prenatal development?

A
  1. stillbirth, miscarriages,/ sudden infant death syndrome.

2. Also conduct problems later on

21
Q

What 3 complications can maternal malnutrition cause? What disorder can it cause?

A
  1. Birth complications,
  2. vulnerability to schizophrenia,
  3. neurological defects
22
Q

What makes malnutrition hard to measure impact?

A

Impact is often compounded with drugs, lack of health care because of poverty.

23
Q

Why is stress dangerous, what 3 troubles might it cause?

A

Because increases hormonal imbalance in moms, causes:

  1. Poor immune responses,
  2. Social problems,
  3. stillbirths
24
Q

What are the main diseases that can impact pregnancies?

A

measles, syphellus, chickenpox, rubella, AIDS

25
Q

How can AIDS be transmitted to babies

A

many ways. Birth or breastfeeding

26
Q

What are some environmental toxins that can impact pregnancies?

A

Pollutants, flame retardant chemicals

27
Q

What impact can the prenatal process have on future diseases/conditions? What are the main four “time bomb” conditions (none diseases)

A

Can imbed programming for diseases later on. Liek

  1. schizophrenia
  2. obesity
  3. depression
  4. cancer.
28
Q

What is Health Canada’s take on breastfeeding?

A

Good! Should only use it for six months, than combine it with solid foods for 2 years

PSYCSEM2 (15 decks)

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