Psychoanalysis Flashcards
Sigismund (Sigmund) Freud was born either on ____, in ____ which is now part of the Czech Republic.
March 6 or May 6,
1856
Freiberg, Moravia,
Sigmund Freud was the first of seven children of
Amalia and Jacob Freud
He was well versed in languages,learning not only the classical
languages—___,____,___, —but also ___, ____, ___, _____
, and he read Shakespeare at the age of .
Greek, Latin, and Hebrew
English, French, Italian,and Spanish
8
He attended the ____ (a secondary school) from 1866 to 1873,
graduating summa cum laude.
Sperlgymnasium
In the winter of ___, Freud began his medical studies at the ___ and finished his degree ___ years later.
1873
University of
Vienna
8
In ___, Freud had the opportunity to travel to Paris and spend 4 months with
, a famous French neurologist and hypnotist.
1885
Jean Charcot
Freud married ____ in 1886.
Martha Bernays
Drives and Instinct
Self preservative drives
Species-preservative drives
including breathing, eating, drinking, and excreting.
Self preservative drives -
– sexuality
Species-preservative drives
- associated with all life instincts and included the
general goal of seeking to gain pleasure and avoid pain.
Sex/Libido/Eros
- accounted for aggressive
drives. These include unconscious desires to hurt others or oneself.
Aggression/Death instinct or Thanatos
Three levels of consciousness
- Conscious
- Unconscious
- Preconscious
- sensations and experiences that the person is aware of at
any point in time.
• Plays a relatively minor role in psychoanalytic theory.
• It is the only level of mental life directly available to us.
Conscious
Ideas can reach consciousness from two different directions.
- Perceptual Conscious System
- Preconscious and Unconscious
what we perceive through senses
Perceptual Conscious System –
nonthreatening ideas only and well
disguised images
Preconscious and Unconscious –
- memories of events and experiences that can easily be retrieved with little effort.
Preconscious
The contents of the preconscious come from two sources:
- Conscious perception
- Unconscious
what a person perceives is conscious for only a transitory period. Ex. Seeing people on a street
Conscious Perception -
- ideas can slip past the vigilant censor and enter into the preconscious.
Unconscious
– the container for memories and emotions that are threatening to the conscious mind and must be pushed away.
Unconscious
contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are
beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words,
feelings, and actions.
The unconscious
processes often enter into consciousness but only after being disguised or distorted enough to elude censorship.
Unconscious
unconscious images first must be sufficiently disguised to slip past the
____ &_____
primary censor and a final censor
- a portion of our unconscious originates from
the experiences of our early ancestors.
Phylogenetic endowment
Bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness is a major therapeutic task. This
can be brought into awareness by:
- Dream interpretation
- Slips of a tongue
- Forgetting
-images within the dream may represent various unconscious
needs, wishes, or conflicts
Dream interpretation
– apparently reveal private thoughts and feelings that individuals
hold
Slips of the tongue
– repression
Forgetting
Attending to unconscious material was crucial for Freud and is central for all
psychoanalysts.
True
Represents unchecked biological forces
• At birth, the infant is all like this. Inherited and physiological forces, such as
hunger, thirst, and elimination, drive the infant.
• Pleasure principle – find pleasure, avoid pain.
Id
___ - is the rational thinking that mediates between the two and deals with reality.
• must mediate between the world around the infant and the instincts or drives
within the infant.
• By waiting or suspending the pleasure principle, it follows the reality principle.
Ego
- is the voice of social conscience.
represents parental values and, more broadly, society’s
standards.
Superego
- represents behaviors that parents approve of. Incorporates
the parents’ values
Ego ideal
- refers to behaviors disapproved of by parents.
Conscience
The individual develops a ____ or ____ to determine
whether actions are good or bad.
moral code or sense of values
When conflicts among the id, ego, and superego develop, ____ is likely to arise.
anxiety
When the ____ has too much control, individuals may become impulsive, self-
indulgent, or destructive.
id
When the ____ is too strong, individuals may set unrealistically high moral
or perfectionistic standards (superego) for themselves and thus develop a sense
of incompetence or failure.
superego
When the ___ senses ____, it is a sign that danger is imminent and something
must be done.
ego
anxiety
3 types of anxiety
Reality
Neurotic
Moral
- the anxiety is appropriate to the situation.
Reality
- occurs when individuals are afraid that they will not
be able to control their feelings or instincts (id) and will do
something for which they will be punished by parents or other
authority figures.
Neurotic
- When people are afraid they will violate parental or
societal standards (superego).
Moral
deny or distort reality
Defense mechanisms
To cope with anxiety, the ___ must have a means of dealing with
situations.
ego
serves to remove painful thoughts, memories, or feelings from
conscious awareness by excluding painful experiences or unacceptable impulses.
Repression
Kinakalimutan
Repression
Traumatic events, such as sexual abuse, that occur in the first 5 years of
life are likely to be ___
repressed and to be unconscious.
is a way of distorting or not acknowledging what an individual
thinks, feels, or sees.
denial
A way of avoiding an unacceptable impulse which is to act in the opposite extreme.
Reaction formation
By acting in a way that is opposite to disturbing desires, individuals do not
have to deal with the resulting anxiety
Reaction formation
Attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings or thoughts to others .
Projection
When anxious, individuals can place their feelings not on an object or
person who may be dangerous but on those who may be safe.
Displacement
is the modification of a drive (usually sexual or aggressive) into acceptable social behavior.
Sublimation
To explain away a poor performance, a failure, or a loss, people may make
excuses to lessen their anxiety and soften the disappointment.
Rationalization
To revert to a previous stage of development.
Regression
Faced with stress, individuals may use previously appropriate but now
immature behaviors.
Regression
taking on the characteristics of others, people can reduce their anxiety as
well as other negative feelings.
Identification
Emotional issues are not dealt with directly but rather are handled
indirectly through abstract thought.
Intellectualization
Psychoanalytical Approaches to Treatment
• Value of insights into ___
unconscious motivations
Psychoanalytical Approaches to Treatment
• Concentrate on understanding
unconscious material.
____ is achieved through analysis of childhood
experiences that are reconstructed, interpreted, and analyzed.
Self-understanding
Assessment:
• Some psychoanalysts may use:
A. Family and social history
B. Trial analysis
C. Projective tests
Techniques in psychotherapy
Free association
Neutrality and Empathy
Resistance
Interpretation
- to relate everything of which they are aware, unconscious material arises
for the analyst to examine. The content of free association may be bodily sensations, feelings, fantasies, thoughts, memories, recent events, and theanalysis
• Free Association
The analyst wants the patient to be able to free-associate to materials that
are affected as little as possible by aspects of the analyst that are
extraneous to the patient.
Neutrality and Empathy
When analysts do disclose about themselves, they think carefully about
the impact of this disclosure on the patient.
Neutrality and Empathy
• By understanding the patient’s feelings and encouraging free association rather than responding directly to the patient’s feelings, the analyst allows
a transference relationship (feelings about the analyst) to develop.
Neutrality and Empathy
By understanding the patient’s feelings and encouraging free association
rather than responding directly to the patient’s feelings, the analyst allows
a transference relationship (feelings about the analyst) to develop.
Neutrality and Empathy
During the course of analysis or therapy, patients may resist the analytical process, usually unconsciously
Resistance
material that arises from free association, dreams, slips of the tongue,
symptoms, or transference must be interpreted to the patient.
Interpretation
The relationship between patient and analyst is a crucial aspect of psychoanalytic treatment.
Transference
refers to the emotional reactions, biases, or
perceptions that a therapist may have towards a client, influenced by the
therapist’s own personal experiences, unconscious feelings, or issues.
Countertransference
- Therapists and analysts who follow a relational
approach will go beyond the interpretation of countertransference. They
are likely to look for issues that affect the therapeutic work.
Relational Response
