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Drugs and behavior > Psychoactive substances > Flashcards

Psychoactive substances Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulants

A
  • amphetamine (speed)
  • metamphetamine (ice)
  • other amphetamine type stiulants
  • cocaine
  • hallucinogenic stimulants
  • nicotine
  • caffeine
  • new stimulants
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2
Q

Amphetamine and other amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS)

A

First synthesized in 1887

Used in treatment of: narcolepsy, depression, ADHD

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3
Q

Metamphetamine

A

First synthesized in 1911

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4
Q

Amphetamine

A

White, ping, grey or yellowish powder (wrapped in small pieces of paper “wraps”)

  • Snorting up the nose, injecting
  • results in the release of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate
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5
Q

Withdrawal symptoms (ATS)

A

Fatigue
vivid, unpleasant dreams
insomnia or hypersomnie
increased appetite

  • rebound effect
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6
Q

Rebound effect

A

Symptoms that were either absent or controlled while taking a medication, but appear when that same medication is discontinued, or reduced in dosage.

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7
Q

MDMA

A

Ecstasy, molly etc

was synthesized in 1898, was patented in 1913.

Its chemical structure is very similar to amphetamine and mescaline.

Increase the activity of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine

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8
Q

Somatic and mental effect - MDMA

A

ACUTE EFFECTS IN AVERAGE DOSE:

  • increased energy
  • alertness
  • increased need for movement
  • euphria
  • friendliness, openness
  • enhanced perception
  • dilated pupils

ACUTE EFFECTS IN GREATER DOSE

  • restlessness
  • anxiety and paranoia
  • irritability
  • panic attack
  • intense visual and auditory hallucinations
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9
Q

Adverse effects that last up to a week (MDMA)

A
  • depression
  • fatigue
  • psychotic episodes
  • paranoia
  • insomnia
  • loss of appetite
  • dzziness
  • loss of self-control
  • impulsiveness
  • decreased sexual drive
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10
Q

Cocaine

A

Obtaines by processing the coca leaf

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11
Q

Speed ball

A

cocaine + heroin

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12
Q

Cocaine + effects

A
  • inhibits the reuptake of serotonin, norepeniehphrine and dopamine
  • the same somatic and mental effect as amphetamine
  • Main reason for popularity: euphoria, openness, increased energy, talkativeness, self-confidence, increased sexual drive.
  • highly addictive
  • rebound effect: depression, fatigue
  • Withdrawal: mental symptoms as irritability, restlessness, depression, insomnia, intense craving
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13
Q

Hallucinogens

A
  • Conscious alteration: difference in intensity
  • hallucinations
  • unique changes in perception, cognition, affect, and spiritual states
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14
Q

Cannabis

A

Does not include the cannabinoids in the hallucinogen category

cannabis produces subjective states along the “hallucinogenic” spectrum but different in their psychological and behavioral effects.

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15
Q

Three species of cannabis

A

Cannabis sativa
Cannabis indica
Cannabis ruderalis

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16
Q

Two types of cannabinoid receptors in the brain

A

CB1 = nerve terminals of the frontal region of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia

CB2 = mainly on cells of the immune system

17
Q

Marihuana + medical use

A
  • Chemotherapy: preventing nausea, feeling of sickness
  • AIDS treatment (used as an appetitive
  • Anti-epileptic medicine
18
Q

Symptoms of overdose (marihuana)

A 
Vomiting
dizziness
intense heart rate
headache
respiratory problems
intense anxiety
panic attack
hallucinations
paranoid thoughts
19
Q

Withdrawal (mainly mental effects)

A
  • insomnia
  • irritability, restlessness
  • anxiety
  • depression
  • Emptiness
  • amotivation syndrome (passivity, aimlessness, apathy, uncommunicativeness, lack of ambitions)
20
Q

Cannabis use and mental disorders

A

Affective disorders:

depression, other mood disorders, anxiety disorders

21
Q

Hallucinogens

A 
Diverse group of substances that vary
- in source
- chemical and molecular structure
- pharmacological effects
In addictive potential
- in toxic effects (medical, neurological, psychiatric)
  • Low addiction potential, dependence is very rare
  • Flashback: re-experiencing the effects of the drug. Stress, tiredness, cannabis may provoke it.
22
Q

Albert Hoffmann

A

1938 - LSD

23
Q

LSD

A

Used mainly as a recreational drug and for spiritual reasons

  • somatic effect after 30 minutes, then mental effects –> disappear after 12 course.
  • in greater dose: no higher level of euphoria, but more negative experiences.
  • Effects are influenced by: personality, mood, mental state, expectation, context.
24
Q

Somatic effect LSD

A 
Dilated pupils
Increased blood pressure
Tremor
Sweating
Dizziness
Nausea
Enervation
Blurring of sight
25
Q

Mental effect LSD

A 
Distortion in time perception 
Longer response time
Illusions
Distortions in sight
Visual and auditory hallucinations
Laughing
Memory problems
Anixety
Depersonalization

Drugs and behavior (18 decks)

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