Psychiatry

Question 1

What is psychic anxiety?

Answer 1

Feeling of fear or dread

Question 2

Give some symptoms of anxiety

Answer 2

Palpitations
Sweating
Dry mouth
Splanchnic vasoconstriction (butterflies)
Tremor
Paraesthesia (pins & needles)
Depersonalisation
Syncope

Question 3

Give some symptoms of OCD

Answer 3

Ego-dystonic thoughts
Repetitive, circular ruminations
May be bizarre and sound delusional
Insight maintained
Unbidden and resisted
Resistance leads to anxiety
Motor response to obsessional thoughts
Often ritualistic, stereotyped, precise

Question 4

What can you classify anxiety as?

Answer 4

Generalised anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Agoraphobia
Simple phobia
Social phobia

Question 5

When is anxiety classified as normal and as a disorder?

Answer 5

Anxiety is normal (and useful!)
Anxiety is only a ‘disorder’ if it is excessive, impacts on life or out of context

Question 6

Give some psychological symptoms of depression

Answer 6

Poor concentration
Feelings of guilt
Feelings of hopelessness
Low self-esteem
Indecisive
Suicidal ideation
Delusions

Question 7

Give some physical symptoms of depression

Answer 7

Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Diurnal variation of mood
Poor sleep
Loss of libido
Constipation
Psychomotor slowing or agitation

Question 8

What are the treatments of depression?

Answer 8

Medication: Antidepressants
Response after 2-3 weeks
Psychological therapies
12 session CBT
Social prescribing
Exercise, company
90% of patients make a full recovery

Question 9

Core features of depression

Answer 9

Pervasive low mood/sadness
Loss of energy (anergia)
Loss of enjoyment (anhedonia)

Question 10

Give some symptoms of mania

Answer 10

Elated mood
Irritability
Over-energized
Grandiose
Little need for sleep
Poor concentration
Poor judgement
Over-spending
Rapid speech

Question 11

Give some symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 11

Hallucination
Delusion
Passivity
Thought alienation
Abnormal Behaviour
Disorganised speech
Disturbances of emotions

Question 12

What is formal thought disorder?

Answer 12

Failing to follow the semantic and syntactic rules of language

Question 13

Schizophrenia treatments

Answer 13

Antipsychotics
Psychological therapies
Family therapy
Arts therapies

Question 13

What is reality failure?

Answer 13

A group of pathologies which disrupt the process of perceiving and interpreting reality.

Question 14

What is psychosis characterised as?

Answer 14

Psychosis usually defined as hallucinations + delusions

Question 15

What is the content of consciousness selected by?

Answer 15

Attention

Question 16

What is a delusion?

Answer 16

Fixed, false, unshakeable belief, out of context with cultural background

Question 17

Give some causes of psychosis

Answer 17

Schizophrenia
Mania
Depression
Drugs
Endocrine
Metabolic
Infections

Question 18

What is the difference between positive and negative symptoms?

Answer 18

Pos+
Hallucinations
Delusions
Persecutory/Grandiose
- Delusional perceptions
- Delusions of control
- Thought delusions or interference
Neg-
Anhedonia
Apathy
Social withdrawal
Blunted mood

Question 19

What are disorganised symptoms?

Answer 19

Thought disorder
Disorganised speech/behaviour
Inappropriate affect

Question 20

What are 2 major factors in experience/self awareness disturbance?

Answer 20

Perplexity
Disruption of sense of self

Question 21

Pathophysiology of schizophrenia

Answer 21

1% prevalence ~ 80% is heritable
Excess of striatal dopamine

Question 22

What is the role of dopamine

Answer 22

Anticipated reward → directed attention
Reward prediction error signalling
Salience (sense of importance attached to perceptions)

Question 23

What is the core function of working memory?

Answer 23

Contextualisation of the present moment

Question 24

Give some treatments of psychosis

Answer 24

Antipsychotics (Dopamine blockers) Psychological therapies Social support

Question 25

What social factor makes someone much more likely to suffer from mental illness

Answer 25

Victim of violence

Question 26

What are the 2 generalised classifications of symptoms?

Answer 26

Communications Adaptations

Question 27

What is anxiety a response to and what is its role?

Answer 27

Exists to automatically motivate us to avoid harm.

Question 28

What can anxiety *and* depression be conceptualised as?

Answer 28

A self-perpetuating network of positive feedback loops arising from normally adapted responses

Question 29

What is central to the development of addictions?

Answer 29

Social context

Question 30

What is characterised as negative reinforcement

Answer 30

Negative reinforcement, driven by the distresscaused by the intrusive thoughts, and cemented by habit- formation, are central to compulsion in OCD.

Question 31

What are eating disorders conceptualised as?

Answer 31

Eating disorders can be conceptualised as means of reducing intense distress, particularly that associated with feeling everything is out of control.

Question 32

What factors prompt self harm and what role does it have?

Answer 32

Self-harm typically occurs in the context of low self-worth and persistent distress – it serves various functions, mainly related to reducing this distress.

Question 33

What is the abbreviation for self harm without suicidal intention?

Answer 33

NSSI-Non suicidal self injury